新TOEFL细节题的练习文章

时间：2023-08-21 16:51:23 赛赛托福英语我要投稿

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新TOEFL细节题的练习文章

　　无论是在学校还是在社会中，我们都不可避免地会接触到练习题，通过这些形形色色的习题，使得我们得以有机会认识事物的方方面面，认识概括化图式多样化的具体变式，从而使我们对原理和规律的认识更加的深入。你知道什么样的习题才是好习题吗？以下是小编收集整理的新TOEFL细节题的练习文章，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。

　　新TOEFL细节题的练习文章

　　Some pioneering work that began as an attempt to discover ways to increase production efficiency led to the founding of the human relations movement in industry and to the development of motivational skills and tools for managers. In 1927 researchers were involved in determining the optimum amount of lighting, temperature, and humidity (with lighting being considered the most important) for the assembly of electronic components at Western Electric. The researchers found that lighting had no consistent effect on production. In fact, production sometimes increased when lighting was reduced to the level of ordinary moonlight! The important part of this experiment began when two Harvard researchers, Elton Mayo and Fritz Roethlisberger, were brought in to investigate these unexpected results further. They found that workers were responding not to the level of lighting but to the fact that they were being observed by the experimenters.

　　This phenomenon came to be known as the Hawthorne effect since the experiments were conducted at the Western Electric Hawthorne plant. This was the first documented and widely published evidence of the psychological effects on doing work, and it led to the first serious effort aimed at examining psychological and social factors in the workplace. Further experiments were continued for five years. Generally, the researchers concluded from their experiments that economic motivation (pay) was not the sole source of productivity and, in some cases, not even the most important source. Through interviews and test results, the researchers focused on the effects of work attitudes, supervision, and the peer group and other social forces, on productivity.

　　Their findings laid the groundwork for modern motivation theory, and the study of human factors on the job, which continues to this day in such common practices as selection and training, establishing favorable work conditions, counseling, and personnel operations. The contributions of this experiment shifted the focus of human motivation from economics to a multifaceted approach including psychological and social forces.

　　The most significant finding of the original research was lighting had no consistent effect on production.

　　新TOEFL细节题的练习

　　托福阅读文本：

　　Rent control is the system whereby the local government tells building owners how much they can charge their tenants in rent. In the United States, rent controls date back to at least World War II.

　　In 1943 the federal government imposed rent controls to help solve the problem of housing shortages during wartime. The federal program ended after the war, but in some locations, including New York City, controls continued. Under New Yorks controls, a landlord generally cannot raise rents on apartments as long as the tenants continue to renew their leases. In places such as Santa Monica, California, rent controls are more recent. They were spurred by the inflation of the 1970s, which, combined with Californias rapid population growth, pushed housing prices, as well as rents, to record levels. In 1979 Santa Monicas municipal government ordered landlords to roll back their rents to the levels charged in 1978. Future rents could only go up by two-thirds as much as any increase in the overall price level.

　　In any housing market, rental prices perform three functions: (1) promoting the efficient maintenance of existing housing and stimulating the construction of new housing, (2) allocating existing scarce housing among competing claimants, and (3) rationing use of existing housing by potential renters.

　　One result of rent control is a decrease in the construction of new rental units. Rent controls have artificially depressed the most important long-term determinant of profitability — rents. Consider some examples. In a recent year in Dallas, Texas, with a 16 percent rental vacancy rate but no rent control laws, 11,000 new housing units were built. In the same year, in San Francisco, California, only 2,000 units were built. The major difference? San Francisco has only a 1.6 percent vacancy rate but stringent rent control laws. In New York City, except for government-subsidized construction, the only rental units being built are luxury units, which are exempt from controls. In Santa Monica, California, new apartments are not being constructed. New office rental space and commercial developments are, however. They are exempt from rent controls.

　　托福阅读题目：

　　1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

　　(A) The construction of apartments in the United States.

　　(B) Causes and effects of rent control

　　(D) The shortage of affordable housing in the United States.

　　2. The word “They” in line 9 refers to

　　(A) the tenants

　　(B) their leases

　　(D) rent controls.

　　3. Which of the following was NOT a reason for the introduction of rent controls in Santa Monica,

　　California?

　　(A) rapid population growth

　　(B) inflation

　　(D) record-high housing prices

　　4. The phrase “roll back” in line 11 is closest in meaning to

　　(A) credit

　　(B) measure

　　(D) reduce

　　5. The word “stimulating” in line 15 is closest in meaning to

　　(A) experimenting with

　　(B) identifying

　　(D) encouraging

　　6. It can be inferred that the purpose of rent control is to

　　(A) protect tenants

　　(B) promote construction

　　(D) decrease sales of rental units

　　7. The word “depressed” in line 19 is closest in meaning to

　　(A) saddened

　　(B) created

　　(D) defeated

　　8. The information in the last paragraph supports which of the following statements?

　　(A) San Francisco has eliminated its rent control laws.

　　(B) Rent control leads to a reduction in the construction of housing units

　　(D) There is a growing need for government-subsidized housing.

　　9.According to the passage , which of the following cities does NOT currently have rent controls?

　　(A) Santa Monica

　　(B) Dallas

　　(D) New York City

　　10. The word “stringent” in line 23 is closest in meaning to

　　(A) straightforward

　　(B) strict

　　(D) efficient

　　11.According to the passage , which of the following is NOT exempt from rent control?

　　(A) Luxury apartments

　　(B) Commercial development

　　(D) Office space.

　　托福阅读答案：

　　BDCDDACBBB C

　　新TOEFL细节题的练习文章

　　托福阅读文本：

　　Butterflies are among the most extensively studied insects — it is estimated that 90 percent of the worlds species have scientific names. As a consequence, they are perhaps the best group of insects for examining patterns of terrestrial biotic diversity and distribution. Butterflies also have a favorable image with the general public. Hence, they are an excellent group for communicating information on science and conservation issues such as diversity.

　　Perhaps the aspect of butterfly diversity that has received the most attention over the past century is the striking difference in species richness between tropical and temperate regions. For example, in 1875 one biologist pointed out the diversity of butterflies in the Amazon when he mentioned that about 700 species were found within an hours walk, whereas the total number found on the British islands did not exceed 66, and the whole of Europe supported only 321. This early comparison of tropical and temperate butterfly richness has been well confirmed.

　　A general theory of diversity would have to predict not only this difference between temperate and tropical zones, but also patterns within each region, and how these patterns vary among different animal and plant groups. However, for butterflies, variation of species richness within temperate or tropical regions, rather man between them, is poorly understood. Indeed, comparisons of numbers of species among the Amazon basin, tropical Asia, and Africa are still mostly “personal communication” citations, even for vertebrates. In other words, unlike comparison between temperate and tropical areas, these patterns are still in the documentation phase.

　　In documenting geographical variation in butterfly diversity, some arbitrary, practical decisions are made. Diversity, number of species, and species richness are used synonymously;little is known about the evenness of butterfly distribution. The New World butterflies make up the preponderance of examples because they are the most familiar species. It is hoped that by focusing on them, the errors generated by imperfect and incomplete taxonomy will be minimized.

　　托福阅读题目：

　　1. Which aspect of butterflies does the passage mainly discuss?

　　(A) Their physical characteristics

　　(B) Their names

　　(D) Their variety

　　2. The word “consequence” in line 2 is closest in meaning to

　　(A) result

　　(B) explanation

　　(D) requirement

　　3. Butterflies are a good example for communicating information about conservation issues

　　because they

　　(A) are simple in structure