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英文写作 文章的构建模式
武侠小说里的大侠常常武功盖世，“小李飞刀”的“刀”已出神入化，但也是源于最初的基本套路；现代化的高楼大厦可以风格迥异，却也都是构建于最基本的建筑结构之上。英语写作也不例外，写好它，有一套常规整体构建模式。今天我们就奉献给大家一盘“丰盛的大餐”，花8分 钟认真地读完它，你可能会提高2－3分，花15分钟仔细地研究一番，那么你的大作有可能一不小心就到了高分档啦！好吧，现在就开始行动吧！
英语写作一般包括一个开头段、一至两个扩展段和一个结尾段。开头段和结尾段一般比扩展段短。各种段落的作用、特点和写作方法如下所示。
一、开头段
开头段一定要语言精练，并且直接切入主题。开头段一般不对主题进行深入的探讨，具体的论证或叙述应该在扩展段进行。一般在开头段写四、五句即可。
开头段的作用：概括陈述主题，提出观点或论点，表明写作意图。
【写作要点】
写开头段时考生应该避免的若干问题:
1) 开头偏离主题太远；
2) 使用抱歉或埋怨之词句；
3) 内容不具体，言之无物；
4) 使用不言自明的陈述。
【方法例释】
写作文时，好多考生也是觉得开头难，其实，写开头段有多种表达方法，如主题句法、提问法、引语法、数据法、背景法、定义法，等等，下面分别讲解开头的几种展开方法:
1. 主题句法：开篇点明主题，用主题句，然后围绕主题内容进行发展。例如：
Now people become increasingly aware of the importance of acquiring a mastery of a foreign language. To them, the knowledge of a foreign language, say, English, often means a good opportunity for one？s career, even a passport to a prosperous future. Many of them equate success in life with the ability of speaking a foreign language.
2. 提问法：提出有争议或探讨性的具体问题，然后加以简要回答或展开引导性简短讨论。例如：
What do you want from your work? Money? Promotions? Interesting challenges? Continual learning? Work？based friendships? The opportunity to develop your own idea and potentials? Though we are all individuals and so our answers will differ, all agree that work provides more than material things.
3. 引语法：使用引语(use a quotation)：使用一段名人名言，或人们常用的谚语、习语，以确定文章的写作范围和方向。例如：
“Great minds must be ready not only to take the opportunity, but to make them.”Colton, a great writer once remarked. But it still has a profound significance now. To a person, in whose lifetime opportunities are not many, to make opportunities is more essential to his success.
4. 数据法：使用具体详实的数字或数据，然后作出概括性分析，指明问题的症结所在。例如：
In the past 5 years, there has been a marked decline in the number of young married couples who want to have children, coupled with a growing trend toward delayed childbearing. According to official statistics, in 2003, about 28 percent of married couples with wives under 35 gave no birth to children, compared with the 1993 level of 8 percent.
5. 背景法：给出背景，描述具体事件的时间、地点和发生背景等，例如：
Once in a newspaper I read of a crowd of people who remained appallingly indifferent to the plea of a mother. As she failed to offer the required amount of cash as a price to save her drowning son, the woman at last watched her son sink to death. The story is not rare in newspapers and on TV, and the casualness and detachment our people now have developed has aroused nationwide concern.
6. 定义法：针对讨论的主题或问题加以定义，然后进行深入探讨。例如：
It is but a step from the sublime to the ridiculous.
从崇高到荒谬只有一步之遥。Flexibility is defined as being adaptable to change. In the course of your lifetime, it is essential that you learn to bend and flex around every new circumstance, as rigidity deprives you of the opportunity to see new possibilities. Paradigms change over time, and so must you. Your company may restructure, and you will have to survive. Your spouse may choose to leave the marriage, and you will have to cope. Technology will continue to advance and change, and you must constantly learn and adapt or risk becoming a dinosaur. Flexibility allows you to be ready for whatever curve lies ahead in life instead of getting blindsided by it.
【他山之石】
开头段常用核心句型
开头段的常用核心句型，选一选适合你自己的“武器”：
1) The arguer may be right about..., but he seems to neglect to mention the fact that ....
2) Contrary to generally accepted views, I argue that....
3) There is an element of truth in this argument, but it ignores a deeper and more basic fact that....
4) It is true that ..., but this is not to say that....
5) The main / obvious problem with this argument is that it is blind to the basic fact that....
6) It would be natural / reasonable to think that..., but it would be absurd to claim that....
7) In all the discussion and debate over..., one important fact is generally overlooked / neglected.
8) There is absolutely no reason for us to believe that....
9) To assume that...is far from being proved.
10) A close inspection of this argument would reveal how flimsy (groundless) it is.
11) On the surface (At first thought), it may seem an attractive idea, but on second thought, we find that....
12) Too much emphasis placed on...may obscure other facts....
13) The problem / fact is that....
14) However logical this argument may be, it only skims the surface of the problem.
15) As far as I am concerned, I believe that....
16) Although I appreciate that..., I cannot agree with ....
17) Those who object to ... argue that.... But people who favor..., on the other hand, argue that....
18) Currently, there is a general concern over....
19) Now it is widely acknowledged that.... But I wonder whether....
20) These days we often hear about ..., but is this really the case?
Ordinary people think merely of how they will spend time, a man of intellect tries to use it.
常人只想如何消磨时间，智者则努力利用时间。
二、中间段
中间段是文章的正文，其作用是从不同的层面对文章主题进行具体和详实的解释和论证。中间段的篇幅一般比开头段和结尾段长，每段有相应的主题句，说明主题思想的扩展句可以采用实例、数据或个人经历等写作手段。不同种类的段落采用不同的扩展手段。
【写作要点】
中间段的具体写作要点如下：
1) 所涉及内容应该准确、清楚，颇具说服力；
2) 段落中一定具备主题句；
3) 段落内容应该保持完整、统一，没有说明不足之处或多余冗长的细节；
4) 内容顺序安排合理，逻辑性较强；
5) 段落之间连贯自然；
6) 段落中讨论的内容主次分明，材料比例适当；
7) 词与句型运用合理并且有变化。
【方法例释】
正如我们在第七天和第八天中所介绍的，段落展开的基本方法很多，这里简要介绍三种中间段中常用的展开方法：列举法、因果法、例证法。
1. 列举法：用来列举一系列的原因、方法等等，使文章层次分明，眉清目秀，阅卷老师在疲惫不堪的状态下，看到这样的文章，往往会有种在清澈的小溪边小憩片刻的感觉，手一抬，分就高。下面这篇例文写的是“健身的几种方法”，脉络一目了然。例文如下：
There are a number of ways for us to keep fit. First, no matter how busy we are, we should have exercise every day to strengthen our muscles. Second, it is important to keep good hours. For example, if we are in the habit of going to bed early and getting up early, we can avoid overworking ourselves and get enough sleep. Finally, entertainment is also necessary so that we may have some moments of relaxation. If we follow those instructions, we will certainly be in good health.
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