英语语法资料

时间:2024-05-30 17:15:43 英语语法 我要投稿

英语语法资料

英语语法资料1

  小升初英语语法:基数词

英语语法资料

  1-10: one two three four five six seven eight nine ten

  11-19: eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen nineteen

  20-29: twenty 21twenty-one以此类推

  30-39: thirty 31thirty-one以此类推

  40-49: forty 41forty-one以此类推

  50-59: fifty 51fifty-one以此类推

  60-69: sixty 61sixty-one以此类推

  70-79: seventy 71seventy-one以此类推

  80-89: eighty 81eighty-one以此类推

  90-99: ninety 91ninety-one以此类推

  100: one hundred

  1000: one thousand

  10000: ten thousand

  一百万: one million

  小升初英语语法:many&much的用法与区别

  Many,much都意为"许多"

  many + 可数名词,much + 不可数名词

  【例句】

  How many people are there at the meeting?

  How much time has we left?

  Many of the workers were at the meeting.

  Much of the time was spent on learning.

  小升初英语语法:few,little,a few,a little的用法与区别

  (a) few + 可数名词, (a) little + 不可数名词

  a few / a little 为肯定含义,还有一点

  few / little 为否定含义,没有多少了。

  He has a few friends. 他有几个朋友。

  He has few friends. 他几乎没有朋友。

  We still have a little time. 我们还有点时间。

  There is little time left.几乎没剩下什么时间了。

  典型例题:

  Although he 's wealthy,he spends___ on clothes.

  A. little B. few C. a little D. a few

  答案: A. spend所指的是钱,不可数,只能用little或 a little. 本句为although引导的让步状语从句,由句意知后句为否定含义,因此应用little表示几乎不。

  固定搭配:

  only a few (=few)

  not a few (=many)

  quite a few (=many)

  many a (=many)

  Many books were sold.

  Many a book was sold.

  卖出了许多书。

  小升初英语语法专项练习:call用法

  【导读】小升初考试在即,以下内容整理的是小升初英语语法专项练习:call用法,希望对大家有所帮助。希望小考生们取得好成绩……

  call既可用作动词,又可用作名词? call用作动词时,既可作及物动词用,也可作不及物动词用?现对其用法作一简单归纳:

  一. 用作及物动词时有以下意义:

  1. 叫;呼唤;叫来?例如:

  Call a doctor at once. 快点叫个医生来?

  I called you but you didn’t hear me. 我喊你,但你却没听见?

  Call a taxi for me. 帮我叫辆出租车?

  2. 称(某人)为……,取名?例如:

  His friends call him Bob. 他的朋友都叫他鲍勃?

  3. 认为;称为……?例如:

  We called this a success. 我们认为这是一件成功的事?

  4. 给……打电话?例如:

  I called him this morning. 今天早上我给他打了个电话?

  5. 邀请?例如:

  Will you call the family to dinner? 你要邀请那一家来吃饭吗?

  二. call用作不及物动词时有以下意义:

  1. 呼;喊;大叫?例如:

  She called to me for help. 她向我呼救?

  2. 访问;拜访?例如:

  A lady called while you were out. 你不在家的时候,有个女士来访?

  3. 要求?例如:

  Obey when duty calls. 服从工作需要?

  4. 打电话?例如:

  He promised to call at noon. 他答应中午打电话来?

  三. call用作名词时有以下意义:

  1. 呼声;叫声?例如:

  We heard a call for help last night. 昨晚我们听到呼救声?

  2. 访问?例如:

  He made several calls during the day. 他在那一天中拜访了好几个人?

  3. 电话;通话?例如:

  I’ve just had a call from Tom. 我刚刚接到汤姆打来的电话?

  4. 需要;要求?例如:

  She is a busy woman with many calls on her time. 她是个大忙人,有很多事等着她去办?

  四. 含call的常用短语有:

  1. call on/upon sb to do sth号召某人干某事;恳求?请(叫)某人干某事?例如:

  The headmaster called on the students to work harder. 校长号召学生们更努力地学习?

  We are calling upon you to help us. 我们恳求你的帮助?

  2. call on/upon sb拜访;看望某人; call at somewhere登门拜访?例如:

  I called on the Smiths yesterday. 我昨天拜访了史密斯一家人?

  I called at the Smith’s yesterday. 我昨天去了史密斯家?

  I called on the doctor yesterday. 我昨天去看了医生?

  I called at the doctor’s yesterday. 我昨天去了医务室?

  3. call out大声叫喊?例如:

  The boy called out for help to the people on the shore. 那个男孩向岸上的人大声呼救?

  4. call in 找来;请来(有目的,为了某一任务)?例如:

  Your father is ill, you should call in a doctor at once. 你父亲病了,你应该马上请个大夫来?

  The police have been called in to help make it clear. 已请来了警察帮忙把这件事弄清楚?

  5. call for要求,需要;提倡,号召; 叫(某人);接(某人,某物);喊着要……?例如:

  People are calling for freedom of all slaves. 人们要求解放所有的奴隶?

  Your plan will call for a lot of manpower and money. 你的计划需要花大量的人力和财力?

  Success calls for hard work. 成功要靠勤奋?

  The workers are calling for strike action in that country. 那个国家的工人们正在号召起来罢工?

  Our experiment will call for a lot of money. 我们的实验将需要许多钱?

  The baby is calling for his mother. 孩子哭着找妈妈?

  I will call for you at ten o’clock. 我10点钟来接你?

  The man sat down and called for a glass of beer. 那个人坐下来,要了一杯啤酒?

  6. call up给……打电话;征召;使想起(往事);叫醒?例如:

  On reaching Beijing, she called up her mother. 一到北京,她就给她母亲打了电话?

  Call me up if you have any questions. 如果你有问题要问,请给我打电话?

  In most countries, men are called up at the age of eighteen. 在大多数国家,男子18岁就被征召服役?

  His brother was called up right at the beginning of war. 战争一开始,他哥哥就被征召入伍?

  The photo calls up the story of my grandmother. 这张照片使我想起了我的祖母?

  The sound of the birds called up happy memories of my childhood holidays. 鸟叫声使我想起我童年时度假的美好回忆?

  What time shall I call you up? 我几点叫你起床?

  The doctor was called up four times last night to attend the case. 医生昨晚被叫了四次来料理这个病人?

  8. call away 叫走;把……叫开?例如:

  She was called away from the meeting to answer an urgent phone call. 她被叫出会场去接一个紧急电话?

  9. call back 叫回,召回;回电话?例如:

  They called him back from America. 他们把他从美国召回来?

  She said she’d call back. 她说她会再打电话来?

  10. call off 取消?例如:

  The game was called off because of bad weather. 因天气恶劣,比赛被取消了?

  巩固练习:

  1. The Party and government ____the people to control population growth.

  A. called off B. called for

  C. called up D. called at

  2. I meant____ you, but I was so busy.

  A. to call on B. calling on

  C. to call at D. calling at

  3. —My sister is a typist at a foreign firm.

  —I know this sort of work____ skill and speed.

  A. asks for B. calls for

  C. looks for D. waits for

  4. —Did you____ your sister when you were in Shanghai?

  —Yes, and I also____ my uncle’s during my stay there.

  A. call on; called on B. dropped on; visit

  C. call on; called at D. call at; called on

  5. The ship____ several ports to pick up passengers before crossing the ocean.

  A. calls for B. calls up

  C. calls on D. calls at

  6. —What about going to the International Women Forum this evening?

  —That’s great. I’ll____ you at 6∶00 sharp.

  A. call up B. call to

  C. call on D. call for

  7. The baby is badly ill, please call____ a doctor.

  A. in B. for C. at D. up

  8. In my opinion more work does not always____ more men.

  A. call on B. call at

  C. call for D. call up

  9. The head of the workshop thought it necessary____ workers for a meeting.

  A. calling on B. calling in

  C. to call on D. to call in

  10. The sound of happy laughter____ memories of his childhood.

  A. called on B. called at

  C. called for D. called up

  11. That was so serious a matter that I had no choice but____ the police.

  A. called in B. calling in

  C. call in D. to call in

  12. The sports meet, originally due to be held last Friday, was finally

  ____because of the bad weather.

  A. set off B. worn off

  C. broken off D. called off

  13. A well-written composition____ good choice of words and clear organization.

  A. calls on B. calls for

  C. calls up D. calls off

  14. He can’t do the job, because it calls____ skills and patience.

  A. up B. for C. on D. in

  答案请看第二页

  参考答案

  Key: 1-5 BABCD6-10 DACDD11-14 DDBB

  小学英语学习方法:小升初英语考试通关4法宝

  【导语】小编为各位同学整理了小学英语学习方法相关文章,希望能对同学们有所帮助。更多小学英语材料尽在。

  孩子学校的考试,将在今年年初迎来一个高峰。为了让孩子们在这场没有硝烟的战争中胜利,我们来看看这些考场得分的秘籍。

  一、心态

  孩子们,不要害怕“善变”的小升初英语考试,就当是平时的.一次小测验,只有一小部分是较难题,简单题答对了就一定会胜利。

  二、看课本

  我想说的是,教科书是重中之重。这包括两类:一是,孩子校内的课本;二是,校外的。

  (1)校内的课本:不要小看校内的小学课本,它们是基础的基础,不可不重视,在对历年小升初英语考题分析上看,简单题(即基础题)占了相当的一部分,

  如,There ____ a pen and some books on the table。 A.is B.are C.be 答案就是A。 因为“就近原则”。 这是课本例句,可见课本的重要性。

  (2)校外的:结合题复习复习,该背诵的段落要背。

  三、看历年试题

  这是很快就掌握并熟悉考试题型,把握考卷难度的好方法。

  特别是,小升初各重点校的出题风格,思路,难度,考试范围是不一样的,这样才能有的放矢,把握考试的备考范围及复习方向。而且,像有关网站上的模拟试题也是不错的参考资料,家长可以帮孩子搜集相关资料。关键是开拓思路,了解更多的解题方法,这可能在备考数学时大家更加深有感触。

  四、总结错题

  考前要看看错题,因为较少的时间已不允许我们在做过多的新习题,那么看错题就是好的方法,以提醒自己不要再犯同样错误,这非常重要。

  其实,孩子们,不必太紧张,相信平时只要学了,就一定能成功。

  小升初英语语法大全:情态动词must与have to的用法

  英语整理《小升初英语语法大全:情态动词must与have to的用法》,供大家参考学习~

  must 的用法

  一、表义务,“必须”。例如:

  You must talk to them about their study. 你必须同他们谈谈关于他们学习的事。

  二、在否定结构中表不许。例如:

  You mustn't leave here. 你不能离开这儿。

  三、表推测,暗含有很大的可能性。例如:

  He must be ill. He looks so pale. 他肯定是病了。他的脸色那么苍白。

  注意:之前我们说过 may 也可以表猜测,但是 may 暗含的可能性较小,must 暗含的可能性较大。另外否定的猜测是用can't。例如:

  The baby can't be ill. He is so active. 那宝宝不大可能是病了。他那么活跃。

  四、表不可避免,“必然要,必定会”。例如:

  All men must die. 人总有一死。

  五、表主张,“坚持要,一定要”。例如:

  If you must go, at least wait till the rain stops. 如果你坚持要走,至少也要等雨停了再走。

  六、关于 must 的简短回答:

  -Must I clean the dining room at once? 我必须马上打扫膳厅吗?

  -Yes, you must. 是的。

  -No, you needn't. / No, you don't have to. 不必马上打扫。

  have to 的用法

  一、have to 表客观的需要和义务,must 表主观的认识。例如:

  I missed the train, so I had to take a taxi. 我没搭上火车,所以我只得打的。(客观上需要打的)

  I must study hard. 我必须努力学习。(主观上认为应该努力学习)

  二、在疑问句和否定句中,have to 多用助动词 do 构成,must 则直接提前或加not。例如:

  Did he have to do it? = Must he do it? 他得做那件事吗?

  而且在否定句中,have to 表不需要,must 表不允许:

  You don't have to go there. 你不需要去那儿。

  You mustn't go there? 你不可去那儿。

英语语法资料2

  1、动词还原的用法

  前面用了do, does did, don’t, doesn’t didn’t后面动词要还原。

  如:Did she watch TV last night?

  Helen doesn’t like taking photos.

  2、到了

  到达用get to

  但注意到家,到这儿,到那儿不可以加to

  如:get home; get here; get there,

  另外go home; come here; go there也一样。

  3、长着和穿着

  长着什么用with

  如:the girl with big eyes大眼睛的女孩;

  穿着什么用in

  如:the man in black穿黑衣服的男人

  或:the woman in the white skirt穿白色短裙的妇女

  4、让某人做某事

  用let sb后加动词原形

  如:Let’s water the flowers together.

  是该做…的时候了用It’s time for+名词或It’s time to +动原。

  帮助某人做某事是help sb with sth

  如:帮我学英语是help me with my English

  5、树上

  外来的东西在树上用in the tree

  如:the bird in the tree;

  树上长的用on the tree

  如:the apples on the tree

  6、运动和乐器

  球类之前不加the;

  乐器之前必须加the

  如:play the piano; play football

  7、一周中的第一天是Sunday;一年中的第一个月是January。

  8、get后加比较级表示变得更怎么样

  如:get stronger; get longer

  9、比较

  两者比较用比较级,三者以上比较用级

  如:Who runs faster, the boy or the girl? The boy does

  谁跑得更快,男孩还是女孩?男孩。

  Which season do you like best? I like autumn best.

  你最喜欢哪个季节?我最喜欢秋天。

  Which season do you like better, summer or winter? I like winter better.

  你更喜欢哪个季节,夏天还是冬天?我更喜欢冬天。

  10、激动兴奋的'

  excited表示激动的,兴奋地主语是人;

  exciting表示令人激动的,令人兴奋的主语是事情

  如:The running race is very exciting, so all the students are very excited.

  赛跑非常令人激动,因此所有的学生都很激动。

英语语法资料3

  英国语言专家MichaelSwan说:语法(grammar)就是一系列的规则,说明词可以怎样变化以表示不同的含义,以及如何把词组合成句子,高考英语语法复习。

  语法学习无疑会高效率地帮助学生清楚地了解目标语言(targetlan-guage)的语法知识和句子结构,规范语言的实际运用,并使之富有逻辑性。作为语言运用规则的语法知识,考生应对此有较为系统性的了解和掌握,以便在考试中立于不败之地。对于学习者来说(包括教师),重要的不是是否掌握所有的'语法点,而是“what is taughtand how it(grammar)is taught.(教什么语法及如何去教)”。考试侧重的也不是单一的语言知识点,强调的是考生的语言功底,以及融会贯通和理解能力。

  从语法的框架体系来看,英语语法主要遵循从句和动词两条主线。从句包括:形容词从句(定语从句),副词从句(状语从句),和名词从句(名词性从句);动词内容包括:动词时态,不定式,动名词,分词和虚拟语气。此外,与句子构造有关的规则还有主谓一致和主谓倒装。

  英语句子——作为能表达完整意思的一个最小的语言单位,是人们在交流思想时所使用的语言媒体。因此,对于语法的学习应紧紧以句子为核心,考生们即使在做语法练习的时候,也要学会从语句中找到相应的语言提示或上下文的逻辑关系。

  例题一He showed us a photo of Judy, was taken in Hong Kongin 1997.

  A.which B.that C.who D.what

  由takeaphoto的逻辑思维,我们判断出photo是定语从句的先行词而不是Judy,所以正确答案是A。

  例题二

  Where did you meet Alice?

  It was in the cinema we used to go.

  A.that B.where C.which D.how

  看到这道题考生的第一个反应是强调句。如果选项是A,虽然语法上说是对的,但是问和答则风牛马不相及。其实完整的回答是It was in thecinema where we used to go that we met Alice。所以B才是正确的选项。

英语语法资料4

  1.人称代词

  主格: I we you she he it they

  宾格: me us you her him it them

  形容词性物主代词:my our your her his its their

  名词性物主代词: mine ours yours hers his its theirs

  2.形容词和副词的比力级

  (1) 一般在形容词或副词后 erolder taller longer stronger, etc

  (2) 多音节词前 moremore interesting, etc.

  (3) 双写最后一个字母,再 erbigger fatter, etc.

  (4) 把y变i,再 erheavier, earlier

  (5) 不规则变革:well-better, much/many-more, etc.

  3.可数词的复数形式

  Most nouns s a book –books

  Nouns ending in a consonant y - y ies a story—stories

  Nouns ending in s, sh, ch or x es a glass—glasses a watch-watches

  Nouns ending in o s or es a piano—pianos a mango—mangoes

  Nouns ending in f or fe - f or fe ves a knife –knives a shelf-shelves

  4.不行数名词(单复数形式稳定)

  bread, rice, water ,juice etc.

  5. 缩略形式

  I’m = I am you’re = you are she’s = she is he’s = he is

  it’s = it is who’s =who is can’t =can not isn’t=is not etc

  6. a/an

  a book, a peach

  an egg an hour

  7. Preposition:

  on, in ,in front of, between, next to, near, beside, at, behind.

  表现时间: at six o’clock, at Christmas, at breakfast

  on Monday on 15th July On National Day

  in the evening in December in winter

  8. 基数词和序数词

  one – first two-second twenty-twentieth

  9. Some /any

  I have some toys in my bedroom.

  Do you have any brothers or sisters?

  10. be 动词

  (1) Basic form: am/are/is

  (2) 必定和否定句 I am(not) from London.

  My eyes are(not) small.

  My hair is(not) long.

  (3)一般疑问句: Am I a Chniese? Yes, you are. No, you aren’t.

  Are they American? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.

  Is the cat fat? Yes, it is. No, it isn’t.

  11. there be 结构

  必定句: There is a …

  There are …

  一般疑问句:Is there …? Yes, there is./ No, there isn’t.

  Are there…? Yes, there are. /No, there aren’t.

  否定句: There isn’t …. There aren’t….

  12. 祈使句

  Sit down please

  Don’t sit down, please.

  13. 现在进行时.通常用“now”.

  形式: be verb ing

  eg: I am(not) doing my homework.

  You/We/They are(not) reading.

  He/She/It is(not) eating.

  动词 —ing 的形式

  Most verbs ing walk—walking

  Verbs ending in e -e ing come—coming

  Short verbs ending in a vowel a consonant run –running swim—swimming

  14 一般现在时。

  通常用 “usually, often, every day, sometimes”。

  形式:

  必定句:

  I go to school on foot every day.

  She goes to school on foot every day.

  一般疑问句:

  Do you jump high? Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.

  Does he jump high? Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t.

  否定句: We don’t go to school on Sundays.

  My mother doesn’t like watching TV in the evening.

  15. (情态)动词can,must, should 后面直接用动词原形。

  eg:

  1. I / He / She / They can sing.

  2.You should keep quiet in the library.

  16. 一般过去时态

  (a) be 动词的过去式:

  I/He/she/it was(not)…. You/we/they were….

  一般疑问句was, were 放在句首。

  (b) 动词过去式:

  必定句: I watched cartoons.

  She visited the zoo.

  一般疑问句: Did you read book last night? Yes, I did. No, I didn’t.

  Did she clean the desk just now? Yes, she did. No, she didn’t.

  否定句: They didn’t go the the part yesterday.

  He didn’t make model ships last week.

  (c)动词过去式的变革:

  规则动词的.变革:

  Most verbs ed eg. planted,watered,climbed。

  Verbs ending in e d eg liked。

  Verbs ending in a consonant y --y ied eg : study—studied

  Short verbs ending in a vowel a consonant eg: stop --stopped

  不规则动词的变革:

  is/am—was,are—were,do—did,have/has—had,make—made,fly-flew/u:/

  eat—ate,take—took,run—ran,sing—sang,drink—drank 等等

  17. “Wh-” questions.

  What are you doing?

  What colour is it?

  What time is it? What’s the time?

  Which is your watch, the yellow one or the white one?

  Who’s the man with a big nose?

  Whose bag is it?

  When is your birthday?

  Where is my ball pen?

  Why do you like summer?

  How many books are there in the school bag?

  How old is the young man?

  How much is the toy bear?

  How do you go to school every day?

  What are you doing?

  What colour is it?

  What time is it? What’s the time?

  Which is your watch, the yellow one or the white one?

  Who’s the man with a big nose?

  Whose bag is it?

  When is your birthday?

  Where is my ball pen?

  Why do you like summer?

  How many books are there in the school bag?

  How old is the young man?

  How much is the toy bear?

  How do you go to school every day?

  以上就是 经验:英语语法复习资料,更多精彩请进入频道。

英语语法资料5

  在习惯上只用作定语的形容词

  习惯上只用作定语的形容词

  这里说的定语指的是位于名词前作定语(即前置定语),而不是位于名词后作定语(即不用作后置定语),如main 是定语形容词,可以说main things,但不能说something main,因为后置定语从本质上说相当于表语,即something main 从本质上说相当于something that is main。下面是几类典型的定语形容词:

  一、表示相对关系的形容词

  former 以前的,从前的 latter 后期的,后半的

  inner 内部的,里面的 outer 外部的,外面的

  upper 上部的,上游的 lower 下部的,下游的

  elder 年岁较大的 eldest 最年长的

  indoor 室内的,屋内的 outdoor 室外的,屋外的

  inside 里面的,内侧的 outside 外面的,外侧的

  upstairs 楼上的 downstairs 楼下的

  【注】inside, outside, downstairs, upstairs 等既可用作形容词也可用作副词。用于形容词时,只用于名词前作定语;若用作副词,则可用作表语(或名词后作定语)。

  二、表示强调意义的形容词

  mere 仅仅的 very 极端的

  outright 完全的 thorough 十足的

  plain 完全的 complete 彻底的.

  pure 完全的 perfect 全然的

  【注】若用于其他意义,有的可用作表语,如plain表示“明白的”、“普通的”等均可用作表语;perfect 表示“完美的”、“完备的”、“准确的”等,也可用作表语。

  三、表示度量的复合形容词

  three-year-old 3岁大的 120-page 120页的

  five-year 5年的

  若用作表语或后置定语,则不用连字符:

  She has a five-year-old son. 她有一个5岁的儿子。

  Her son is five years old. 她的儿子五岁。

  She has a son five years old. 她有一个5岁的孩子。

  四、某些与时间有关的形容词

  daily 每日的 everyday 每日的

  monthly 每月的 present 现在的

  last刚过去的 existing 现在的

  【注】若用于其他意义,有的也可以用作表语,如present 表示“出席”、“在场”时,只用作表语。

  动词如何接ed

  英语中在描述过去发生的事情时,动词是要发生变形的,也就是我们所说的动词的过去式和过去分词。在规则变化中,一般就是在动词后加上ed,今天我们就来看看该如何接吧~~

  1. 一般在词尾加“-ed”

  help-helped-helped 帮助

  look-looked-looked 看

  plant-planted-planted 种植

  work-worked-worked 工作

  2. 以不发音e结尾的词加“-d”

  live-lived-lived 居住

  hope-hoped-hoped 希望

  change-changed-changed 变化

  3. 名词以“元音字母+y”结尾时,加“-ed”;以“辅音字母+y”结尾时,变 y为i,再加“-ed”

  play-played-played 玩

  stay-stayed-stayed 逗留

  study-studied-studied 学习

  carry-carried-carried 运送

  4. 以重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母的词,要双写这个辅音字母,然后再加ed。

  drop-dropped-dropped 掉落

  stop-stopped-stopped 停止

  plan-planned-planned 计划

  prefer-preferred-preferred 更喜欢

  5. 少数双音节动词,尽管重音不在后面,可以双写末尾的辅音字母,然后再加ed。

  travel-traveled-traveled(美语)旅行

  travel-travelled-travelled(英语)

  初中必备英语语法:八种宾语从句不省略that

  引导宾语从句的that在下列情况下一般不省略:

  1. 宾语从句前有插入语。如:

  We hope, on the contrary, that he will stay at home with us. 恰恰相反,我们希望他和我们呆在家里。

  2. 有间接宾语时。如:

  He told me that he was leaving for Japan. 他告诉我他要去日本。

  3. that在与之并列的另一个宾语从句之后。如:

  He said (that) the book was very interesting and that(不省略) all the children like to read it.他说那本书很有趣,所有小孩都喜欢读。

  4. 在“it(形式宾语)+补语”之后时。如:

  I think it necessary that he should stay here. 我们认为他有必要留在这里。

  5. that从句单独回答问题时。如:

  —What did he hear? 他听说了什么事?

  —That Kate had passed the exam. (他听说)凯特考试及格了。

  6. 在except等介词后。如:

  He has no special fault except that he smokes too much.他除了抽烟太多之外,没有什么特别的毛病。

  7. 位于句首时。如:

  That our team will win, I believe. 我相信我们队会赢。

  8. 在较为正式或不常用的动词(如reply, object)后。如:

  He replied that he disagreed. 他回答说他不同意。

英语语法资料6

  虚词:介词(in,at,on),连词(and,but,or)

  实词:有具体含义的词。名词,形容词(修饰名词),动词,副词

  五种类型的动词,产生五种句型。系动词,不及物动词,及物动词,不完全及物动词,授予动词。

  一、系动词分四大类:linking verb

  1、be动词。在be动词之后有三大类表语:名词,形容词,副词。

  2、状态保持动词。Keep,remain,stay。这三个词后面只能加adj做表语,可以和be动词无缝切换。

  3、状态改变动词。Become,get,come,go,grow,turn。

  4、感官动词。Look,sound,smell,taste,feel。翻译为……起来。后面只能接adj做表语,相当于adj的分词,介词短语也是adj。

  1. n. Tim is an engineer. The price is ¥2000. I am a student.

  adj. The play was very interesting. The milk is in the refrigerator.

  adv. Your sister is here these days. My bedroom is downstairs.

  2. You should keep quiet! No one can remain youthful forever. The water stayed fine for a week.

  3. become是一个万能词,既可以表示变成,这时候后面只能接名词。He became a teacher.

  同时也可以表示变得,后面一般接adj。He became very nervous.

  get表示变得怎么样,后面只能加adj。He got very angry.

  come 变好,go变坏。

  4. I felt very nervous when I went into his office. He looked very angry. They were all hungry and the food smelled good.

  注:感官动词之后绝不能直接加名词作表语,如要加名词,必须用感官动词+介词like+名词,此时翻译为像……。

  The sun looks like an orange globe. You look like a dead man.

  造句练习一:

  1. 每件事都很有序(in good order)。Everything is in good order.

  2. 我的房子就在这里。My house is here.

  3. 这辆车看起来很棒。The car looks very good.

  4. 鳄鱼肉尝起来就像鸡肉。Alligator meat taste like chicken

  5. 地震期间你应该保持冷静。You should keep calm during an earthquake.

  6. 迈克去年成为一名职业篮球运动员。Mike became a professional basketball player last year.

  7. 天气变得寒冷而多风(cold and windy)。The weather has turned cold and windy.

  二、不及物动词intransitive verb。主语+谓语。vi. 判断这类动词,把这个动词前面加上被字看看是否正常。正常vt,不正常vi。

  I dance. 这类句型,一般来说都有带状语,来进一步说明这个动作发生的时间、地点、目的……。

  Detectives(主) were waiting(谓) at the airport(地点状语) all morning.(时间状语)

  They were talking(谓) loudly(方式状语)

  很多动词,本身就既可以作不及物动词,也可以做及物动词,除上述判断方法外,得在具体语境中判断。

  造句练习二:

  1、 鸟儿快乐的唱歌。The birds sing happily.

  2、 这场雨下午会停。The rain will stop this afternoon.

  3、 孩子们正在公园里玩耍。The children are playing in the park.

  4、 我的老师昨天在医院里去世了(pass away)。My teacher passed away in hospital yesterday.

  三、及物动词transitive verb。主+谓+宾。vt. 有些短语相当于vt,称为vt短语。

  Yesterday(时间状语), a pigeon(主) carried(谓) the first message(宾) from Beijing to Shanghai(地点状语).

  The bird covered the distance in three minutes. The bride and the groom cut the wedding cake together. I had an amusing experience last year. This wonderful plane can carry serve passenger.

  造句练习三:

  1、 老师在教室的墙上贴了一些照片。The teacher put up some pictures on the wall in the classroom.

  2、 在公共场合你应该尊重老人。You should respect the old in public place.

  3、 他一周前开始节食。He began his diet a week ago.

  4、 他于1935年9月创造了一项新的世界记录。He set up a new world record in September 1935.

  5、 只有极少数人能实现他们的梦想。Only very few people can realized their dreams.

  四、不完全及物动词。主+谓+宾+宾补。Incomplete transitive verb. ivt.使……,让……。

  最常用的不完全及物动词,使役动词,使……做……。make,have,let,get

  make/have/let+宾语+动词原形(补语)get+宾语+动词不定式(补语)

  I made him wash the car. I got him to wash the car.宾语+补语能构成一个完整的句子。

  造句练习四:

  1、 炎热的天气使我感到昏昏欲睡(feel lethargic)。The hot weather made me feel lethargic.

  五、授予动词。主+谓+间宾+直宾。Dative verb

  最常用的授予动词:give,send,tell,teach,pay,show,offer。

  Richard mattes gave the tester six different kinds of things.

  I sent him a book in reward for his help.

  The scientist told us many stories about birds.

  A friendly waiter taught me a few words of Italian, then he lent me a book.

  Yesterday I paid him a visit. Then he showed me the contents of the parcel.

  造句练习五:

  1、 情人节他送给女友一束花。He gave his girlfriend a bunch of flowers on Valentine’s Day.

  He gave a bunch of flowers to his girlfriend on valentine’s Day.

  2、 请寄给我一张收到此款的收据。Please sent me a receipt for the money.

  3、 他告诉我几个关于英语老师的神奇故事。He told me some magical stories about our English teacher.

  句子成分:主、谓、宾、表、补、定、状、同位语。

  定语就是一个句子里用来界定、限定名词的部分。

  如:1、一个高个子的,留着长头发的,穿着红色衣服的,喜欢学习英语的学生。He is a tall student with long hair who wears red clothes and likes learning English.

  2、 (那个)(穿着红色连衣裙的)美女是(我们班的)班长。The beautiful woman in red dress is the monitor of our class.

  3、 (这些)(可爱的.)孩子们(一直)生活(在美丽的大山里)。These lovely children have been living in the beautiful mountains.

  4、 (放学以后),(这几个)(高中)学生(到游戏厅里面)打游戏。After school, the high school students went to the arcade to play games.

  5、 (我们每个人的)努力让(我们伟大的)祖国(迅速)发展。The efforts of every one of us make our great motherland develop rapidly.

  6、 我(每天晚上)(睡觉前)(都要)讲给孩子(一些)(有意义的)童话。 Every night before I go to bed, I have to tell my children some meaningful fairy tales.

  I have to tell my children some meaningful fairy tales before I go to bed every night。

  丘吉尔的学习方法:

  1、 了解句子成分的具体含义,识别出句子的不同成分。

  2、 学习时态,语态等基础知识。

  3、 学习从句的构句方法,把一个长句子变成一个句子成分,把不同句子成分组合。

  4、 用彩色的笔标注不同的句子成分,从句子相关成分中,积累相关用法。

  5、 把复杂句拆成若干个简单句,设定好主语宾语,采用学习的规则,拼成长句子。

  英语中95%的定于遵循前小后大的法则。

  单个单词组成的定语(限定词,形容词,分词及所有格)放在所修饰的名词前面。

  两个以上的单词组成的定语(of所有格,形容词短语,介词短语,分词短语,不定式短语)放在所修饰的词后面。

  They were expecting a valuable parcel of diamonds from south Africa.

  Mrs. Rumbold was a large unsmiling lady in a tight black dress.

  First of all, he went out a long list of all the foods.

  造句练习六:

  1、 我喜欢桌上那本书。I like the book on the desk.

  2、 他们正在研究一个关于贸易标准的复杂问题(trading standard)。They are studying a complicated problem about trading standard.

  3、 我将告诉你们昨天老师给我讲的那个非常有趣的关于月亮的中国古代故事。I will tell you the very interesting old Chinese story about the moon that my teacher told me yesterday.

  状语:用来描述一个动作的细节特征的成分,汉语里边常见的对应成分就是“……地”。

  表达时间,地点,方式的状语,也可以不带“地”字翻译。如:在教室里唱歌,用古典的方式唱歌。

  副词adverb,状语adverbial,都是用来加强动词的。除了修饰动词外,状语也可以修饰除了名词之外的任何词(如:adj,介词,连词,还可以修饰副词本身)。

  副词在句子中处于一个副手位置,就是辅助地位。When,where,how表时间,地点,方式程度。

  表达时间的:now,just now。表达地点的介词短语,如:in the house。

  小状语(单独的副词)放在其所修饰的词语之前:修饰动词时没放在动词之前。修饰其它成分(形容词,介词,连词,副词)时,放在其他成分之前。

  We are now living in a beautiful new house in the country.

  Letters will cost a little more, but they will certainly travel faster.

  大状语(2个及以上单词构成的状语),如:介词短语,不定式短语,状语从句,放在整个句子的两头,放在开头时一般加(,)。

  On Wednesday evening, we went to the town hall.

  I was having dinner at a restaurant when Tony came in.

  当句子中同时出现几个时间或地点状语时,从小到大排列。We landed in America at 8 o’clock on June 15th 2012.

  We live at number 35, south Renmin road, Chengdu.

  句子后面有多种状语时,顺序是(方式-地点-时间)。He put his milk bottles carefully on the doorstep every morning.

  同位语:句中指代同一事物的两个词、短语或从句,称为同位关系。My sister, Helen Wilson, will travel with me.

  造句练习七:

  1我的英语老师Brent Peter先生是加拿大人。My English teacher, Mr. Brent Peter, is a Canadian.

  2、昨天我遇到了我弟弟的朋友汤姆。Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brother’s.

  3、我们中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。We Chinese people are brave and hardworking.

英语语法资料7

  比较级

  注意只有同类事物才可进行比较。

  如:My eyes are bigger than hers.Your school bag is heavier than mine. My computer is nicer than Nancy’s. My brother is stronger than me.

  have, has

  表示某人有(has用于第三人称单数);There is/ are;

  There was/ were表示某地存在有

  注意There be句型的就近原则

  单数或不可数用there is /was;

  复数用there are/ were.

  本身就是复数的词

  眼镜glasses;耳机earphones;鞋shoes;裤子trousers等词本身是复数。

  如:My glasses were on the chair just now.

  但如果表示这双,这副,一双的'时候用单数

  如:There is a pair of chopsticks on the plate. This pair of earphones is for you.

  五个元音字母分别是Aa, Ee, Ii, Oo, Uu;

  一个的用法

  a用于辅音前不是辅音字母前;an用于元音前不是元音字母前。

  如:There is an ’s’, a ‘t’, a ‘u’, a ‘d’ ,an ‘e’, an ‘n’,and a ‘t’ in the word ‘student’.

  时间表示法

  有两种:

  (1)直接读时钟和分钟。

  如6:10读成six ten; 7:30读成seven thirty; 8:45读成eight forty-five;

  (2)用to与past表示。

  在半小时包括半小时以内用几分past几点

  如:6:10读成ten past six; 7:30读成half past seven;

  过了半小时用下一个钟点差几分

  如7:45读成a quarter to eight; 9:50读成ten to ten;

  基数词变序数词的方法

  基变序有规律,结尾加上th;一二三特殊例,结尾字母t、d(即first, second, third);

  八去t,九去e,ve要用f替(即eigh—eighth; nine—ninth; five-- fifth ;twelve—twelfth);

  ty改y为ie后加th别忘记(即整十数如twenty—twentieth;forty—fortieth);

  几十几十位为基个位为序(如第二十一为twenty-first)。

  另外强调序数词前一定要加the。

  日期的表示法

  用the+序数词+ of +月

  如:三月三日the third of March;

  12月25日the 25th of December.

  both表示两者都

  如:My parents are both teachers.

  all表示三者以上都

  如:The students are all very excited.

  节日的表示法

  有day的节日前用on.

  没有day的节日前用at,

  如:at Christmas; on Christmas Day; at New Year; on New Year’s Day.

英语语法资料8

  情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度,表示“可能”、“应当”、“必要”等含义,但其本身词义不完全,不能独立作谓语,必须和动词原形连用。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。其否定形式一般是在情态动词后加not (have to除外),其疑问形式是将情态动词提至主语前。情态动词数量不多,但用途广泛,主要有:can/could, may/might, must, need, shall/should, will/would。

  1.can和could的用法

  (1)can/could 表示“能力;许可;可能性”等。could 为 can 的过去式。如:

  Can I use your bike?我可以用你的自行车吗?

  (2)can 用在疑问句中,表示征求意见、请求许可,答语仍用 can; could 用在疑问句中,比can 更委婉、客气,是一种礼貌的说法,并不表示过去时态,答语用can,而不能用could。 如:

  ―Could you tell me the way to the zoo?

  你能告诉我去动物园的路吗?

  ―Sorry. I can't. I'm new here。

  不好意思,我不知道。我是新来的。

  [注意] can 和could 只能用于现在时和过去时两种时态,将来时中用 be able to。另外, can't 可表示否定推测。如:

  That ______ be Mr Wang. He has gone to Beijing。

  那肯定不是王老师,他已经去北京了。

  2.may和might的用法

  may/might 意为“可以”,表示同意、许可或请求对方许可,也可表示祝愿。may的'否定形式为 may not。might 是may 的过去式,有两种用法:一种表示过去式;一种表示虚拟语气,使语气更加委婉、客气,或表示可能性更小。以may开头的一般疑问句,其否定回答用mustn't, 而不用 may not。如:______ I use your pen? 我可以用你用的钢笔吗?

  You may put on more clothes. 你可以多穿衣服。

  May you be happy!祝你开心!

  Might I borrow some money now?我现在可以借点钱吗?

  He might be alive. 他可能还活着。

  3.must的用法

  must 意为“必须,一定,准是”,表示说话人认为有必要做某事,或命令、要求别人做某事以及对事物的推测。否定形式mustn't, 表示“不得”,“一定不要”。如:

  I ______ finish my work today。我今天必须完成我的工作。

  You mustn't drive after drinking。你绝不能酒后驾车。

  (1)must 与 have to 的区别: must 表示说话人的主观意愿;have to 表示客观需要。如:

  I must do my homework first。我必须首先做家庭作业。

  It is raining hard outside; I _____ stay at home。外面雨下得很大,我不得不待在家里。

  (2)回答由must 引导的疑问句的提问

  ①肯定回答:Yes, …must. 如:

  ―Must I go home now? 我必须现在吧回家吗?

  ―Yes, you must. 是的,你必须(现在回家)。

英语语法资料9

  我们都知道,根据句子的使用目的,句子可分为陈述句,疑问句,祈使句,感叹句。疑问句是常考的重点,也是要掌握的难点,这里我们先重点讲一下.

  疑问句中我们只讲一讲难掌握的反意疑问句和特殊疑问句.

  反意疑问句: 在陈述句之后附上一个简短问句,对陈述句所叙述的事实提出相反的疑问,这种疑问句叫做反意疑问句. 如前面陈述句部分是肯定式,后面问句部分一般用是否定式;如前一部分是否定式,后一部分一般用肯定式.前后两部分在人称,数及时态上通常保持一致. 如:You are a student,arent you?(你是学生,对吗?)

  在祈使句后面用反意疑问句,要注意人称的变化。 如:Go to the cinema,will you?

  在省略的.感叹句后面,要注意主语的单复数。 如:What fine weather,isnt it?

  陈述句部分的主语如是I,疑问部分要用 arent I. 如: Im as tall as your sister,arent I?

  陈述部分用never,hardly,few,nothing,nobody,few,seldom,hardly,little 等否定含义的词时,疑问部分用肯定含义. 如: He seldom came here,did he?

  陈述句部分的谓语是used to时,疑问部分用didnt+主语或usednt +主语. 如: He used to go to school at seven, didnt he? / usednt he?

  陈述部分有had better + v. 疑问句部分用hadnt you? 如: Youd better read it by yourself, hadnt you?

英语语法资料10

  条件状语从句就是在复合句中表示主句动作发生条件的状语从句。引导条件状语从句最经常用的连词是if,它的意思是“如果”;除此之外,还有其他一些连词,它们也多少含有“如果”的意思,也可用于引导条件状语从句。

  1. 用if引导:if意为“如果”。如:

  You can’t take photographs if the light is bad. 光线不足,就无法拍照。

  If you cheat in the exam you’ll never get away with it. 考试作弊必予追究。

  2. 用unless引导:unless的意思是“如果不”“除非”。如:

  Don’t act unless you’re certain. 没有把握就不要做。

  Unless you go at once you will be late. 如果你不马上走,就会迟到的'。

  3. 用as [so] long as引导:as [so] long as的意思是“如果”“只要”。如:

  I’ll remember that day as long as I live. 只要我活着,我就不会忘记那个日子。

  You may take my dictionary as long as you don’t keep it too long. 只要使用时间不太长,你可以把我的词典拿去。

  4. 用in case引导:in case用连词引导条件状语从句时,其意为“如果”“万一”。如:

  In case I’m late, start without me. 万一我迟到,就不等我了。

  In case I forget, please remind me about it. 万一我忘记,请提醒我一下。

  5. 条件状语从句的时态:当主句为将来时态或含有将来意义时,条件状语从句习惯上要用一般现在时表示将来意义,而不能直接使用将来时态。如:

  ■不知道明天是否会下雨,但要是下雨的话,我就呆在家里。

  误:I don’t know if it will rain tomorrow. But if it will rain tomorrow, I’ll stay at home.

  正:I don’t know if it will rain tomorrow. But if it rains tomorrow, I’ll stay at home.

  句中的第一个 if 引导的是宾语从句(if=是否),从句谓语用将来时态表示将来意义;第二个if引导的是条件状语从句(if=如果),从句谓语要用一般现在时表示将来意义。

英语语法资料11

  宾语从句(The Object Clause)在复合句中作主句的宾语。宾语从句通常由下面一些词引导。

  1、由that引导(that在口语或非正式文体中常省略)。

  2、由what , when , where, which, who, how ,why等连接代词或连接副词引导。

  3、由连词whether或if引导(口语中常用if)。

  应注意的几个问题:

  1、宾语从句可放在形容词后。常用形式是“be+形容词+宾语从句”

  e.g. I am glad you like it .

  2、宾语从句与主句时态的一致。

  1)主句是现在(或将来)时态时,宾语从句可根据实际需要用不同的时态。

  如:He says Mary is playing with the cat .

  He says Mary often plays with the cat.

  He says Mary will play with the cat.

  I think he left yesterday morning.

  2) 主句时态是一般过去时,从句要用过去时态的某种形式。

  He said Mary was playing with the cat.588.es

  He said he hoped to be back soon..

  3)当从句所表示的是客观事实或客观真理时,该从句都用一般现在时,不用过去时。

  如:He said light travels much faster than sound.

  3、宾语从句中的否定转移。如果主句谓语动词是think , believe suppose 等,而从句的意思是否定的,这时主句的谓语动词用否定式,从句用肯定式。如:

  I don’t think you are right. 我认为你不对。

  4、将普通的特殊疑问句变成宾语从句时,从句的语序要由疑问句变成陈述句的语序。

  When will the meeting begin?-------I want to know when the meeting will begin.

  5、将普通的一般疑问句变成宾语从句时,则用if /whether连接,同时变成陈述句语序。

  Are you an English teacher ?-------He asked if I was an English teacher.

  在下列情况下只能用whether

  1)介词后的'宾语从句 I’m thinking about whether we should go fishing.

  2)宾语从句提前时 Whether this is true or not, I can’t say.

  3)直接与or not连用时 I don’t know whether or not he was ready.

  4)在带to 的动词不定式前 She hasn’t decided whether to go or not.

  if也可引导条件状语从句,表示“如果”(主将从现,主过从过)。比较:

  I don’t know if he will come. If he comes ,I will tell you.

  6、在变宾语从句时,要注意以下几点。1)连接词 2)人称 3)语序 4)时态 5)标点

  【中考范例】

  1. (北京市中考试题)

  Miss Green didn’t tell us _______ in 2002.

  A. where does she live B. Where she lives

  C. where did she live D. where she lived

  【解析】答案:D。该题考查的是宾语从句的语序和时态。宾语从句应用陈述句的语序和时态,所以应选D。

  2. (上海市徐汇区中考试题)

  Would you please tell me ________?

  A. when did he come home

  B. where he would play football

  C. if he had seen the film

  D. why he didn’t watch the game

  【解析】答案:D。该题考查的是宾语从句的语序和时态。主句用的实际上是现在时,宾语从句在这个句子里应用陈述句的语序和一般过去时。

  3. (哈尔滨市中考试题)

  I don’t know when __________.

  A. will the train leave B. the train will leave

  C. would the train leave D. the train leave

  【解析】答案:B。该题考查的是宾语从句的语序和时态。只有B在语序和时态上符合要求。

  4. (常州市中考试题)

  ---We don’t know _____________.

  ---It is said that he was born in Sweden.

  A. what he is B. if he lives here

  C. where he comes from D. which country is he from

  【解析】答案: C。该题考查的是宾语从句的语序。按照他们谈论的话题可知:他们说的是某人是哪里人。A和B可以排除掉。D的语序不对,只有C正确。

英语语法资料12

  感叹句的类型:

  ⑴ What a∕an+adj+可数名词单数(+主语+谓语)!

  What +adj+可数名词复数∕不可数名词(+主语+谓语)!

  What a fine day (it is) !多么好的天啊! (day为可数名词单数)

  What an interesting book it is !多么有趣的一本书啊!(book为可数名词单数)

  What beautiful flowers they are !多么漂亮的.花啊! (flowers为可数名词复数)

  What bad weather it is!多么糟糕的天气啊!(weather为不可数名词)

  ⑵ How +adj +主语+(谓语中的)系动词! How +adv +主语+(谓语中的)实义动词!

  How happy I am!我多麽高兴啊! (happy为adj,am为系动词)

  How hard they are working !他们工作多么努力啊!(hard为adv,work为实义动词)

  点拨:陈述句改为感叹句,可以采用“一判、二定、三移”。

  一判:是判断出陈述句谓语动词后的中心词的词性(adj∕adv∕n);

  二定:是根据判断出来的结果来确定引导词(中心词为名词用What;中心词为形容词或副词用How;)

  三移:就是把主语和谓语移到后面。

  注意:在感叹句中,不得出现so,very,very much等表示程度的单词。

  例如:①Our school is beautiful .

  一判:beautiful为形容词;二定:beautiful为形容词,用How来引导;三移:把Our school is移到How beautiful后面,即为感叹句How beautiful our school is!

  ②He is a clever boy.

  一判:boy为名词;二定:boy为名词,用What来引导;三移:把He is移到What a clever boy后面,即为感叹句What a clever boy he is!

  ③He studies English well.

  一判:well为副词;二定:well为副词,用How来引导;三移:把He studies移到How well后面,即为感叹句How well he studies!

  练习:将下列句子变为感叹句。①The room is very bright.

  ② We live a happy life today. ③It is a nice present.

  ④This is difficult problem. ⑤She played the piano wonderfully.

  1.the (best) way to do sth:做某事的()方法

  2.thanks for+名词V?ing:为什么而感谢

  3.take a trip参加郊游,at the end of this month在本月底

  4.go back to+地点:回到某地He will go back to Beijing in 2 days.两天后他将回北京。

  5.have a surprise party for sb为某人举办一个惊喜的晚会

  6.without+名词代词 V?ing:没有… He can't finish the work without our help.(help为名词)

  He went to school without having breakfast.他没有吃早饭就去上学。(have为动词)

  7.look forward to +名词代词V.ing:期待,盼望

  8.hear from sb.收到某人的来信= receive a letter from sb.

  9.the opening of…:开幕/开业

  10.在具体哪一天的上午、下午、晚上用on,比较:

  in the morning在早晨on Sunday morning在星期天的早晨

  11.invite sb to +地点:邀请某人去某地(invite -- invitation ) invite sb to do sth邀请某人做某事

  12.reply to sth / sb:回答某事/回答某人go shopping购物,do homework做家庭作业

英语语法资料13

  语音

  1、音素:语音的最小单位。

  英语中共有48个音素,其中元音音素20个,辅音音素28个。

  2、元音:发音时气流不受阻碍。元音分为单元音和双元音两类。

  单元音发音时唇形和舌位不变;双元音发音时由一个元音向另一个

  元音滑动,唇形和舌位有一个变化过程,且前重后轻,前长后短。

  3、辅音:发音时气流受到阻碍。辅音分为清辅音和浊辅音两类。

  清辅音发音时声带不振动;浊辅音发音时声带振动。

  4、音标:用来记录音素的符号。为了避免与字母混淆,音标被放在斜括号/ /内。

  5、英语中的一个字母或字母组合在不同的.单词中发音可能是不一样的,而相同的发音对应的字母或字母组合也可能不完全相同。

  6、开音节:以元音字母结尾或以一个元音字母加一个辅音字母再加不发音的e结尾(r除外)的音节。元音字母在开音节中读长音,即该字母的名称音。

  闭音节:以一个或几个辅音字母(r除外)结尾。元音字母在闭音节中读短音。

英语语法资料14

  名词复数规则

  1.一般情况下,直接加-s,如:book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds

  2.以s. x. sh. ch结尾,加-es,如:bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches

  3.以“辅音字母+y”结尾,变y为i,再加-es,如:family-families, strawberry-strawberries

  4.以“f或fe”结尾,变f或fe为v,再加-es,如:knife-knives

  5.不规则名词复数:man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, mouse-mice child-children foot-feet,.tooth-teeth fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese

  动词过去式变化规则:

  1.一般在动词末尾加-ed,如:pull-pulled, cook-cooked

  2.结尾是e加d,如:taste-tasted

  3.末尾只有一个元音字母和一个辅音字母的重读闭音节,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加-ed,如:stop-stopped

  4.以“辅音字母+y”结尾的,变y为i,再加-ed,如:study-studied

  5.不规则动词过去式:

  am,is-was, are-were, do-did, see-saw, say-said, give-gave, get-got, go-went,

  come-came, have-had, eat-ate, take-took, run-ran, sing-sang, put-put,

  read-read, write-wrote, draw-drew, drink-drank, swim-swam, sit-sat

  现在进行时

  1.现在进行时表示现在正在进行或发生的动作,也可表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。

  2.现在进行时的.肯定句基本结构为be+动词ing.

  3.现在进行时的否定句在be后加not。

  4.现在进行时的一般疑问句把be动词调到句首。

  动词加ing的变化规则

  1.一般情况下,直接加ing,如:cook-cooking

  2.以不发音的e结尾,去e加ing,如:make-making, taste-tasting

  3.如果末尾是一个元音字母和一个辅音字母,双写末尾的辅音字母,再加ing,如:run-running, stop-stopping

英语语法资料15

  第一部分:语气的定义和种类

  1、语气(mood):语气是动词的一种形式,表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。

  2、语气的种类

  ⑴、陈述语气:表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的,用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如:

  ①There are two sides to every question.每个问题都有两个方面。

  ②Were you busy all day yesterday?昨天一整天你都很忙吗?

  ③How good a teacher she is!她是多好的一位老师啊!

  ⑵、祈使语气:表示说话人对对方的请求或命令。如:

  ①Never be late again!再也不要迟到了。

  ②Don‘t forget to turn off the light.别忘了关灯。

  ⑶、虚拟语气:表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实,而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如:

  ①If I were a bird,I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鸟,我就能在空中飞行。

  ②I wish I could pass the examination.我希望我能通过考试。

  ③May you succeed!祝您成功!

  第二部分:简单句中的虚拟语气

  一、情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时,表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌、或委婉的语气,常用于日常会话中。如:

  ⑴、Would you be kind enough to show methe way to the post office?请你告诉我去邮局的路好吗?

  ⑵、It would be better for you not tostay up too late.你最好别熬夜到很晚。

  二、表祝愿。

  1、常用“may+动词原形”表示祝愿,但愿,此时may须置于句首(多用于正式文体中)。

  ⑴、May good luck be yours!祝你好运!

  ⑵、May you be happy!祝你快乐!

  ⑶、May you do even better!祝你取得更大成就!

  ⑷、Mayyou have a good time. 祝愿你玩的痛快。

  ⑸、May the friendship between us lastlong. 祝愿我们的友情天长地久。

  ⑹、May you be happy. (注意那个be)祝你幸福。

  2、用动词原形。例如:

  (1)、Long live the people!人民万岁!(2)、“Godbless you,”said the priest.牧师说:“愿上帝保佑你!”

  (3)、Have a good journey!祝愿你旅途愉快!

  三、表示强烈愿望。(该类型虚拟语气谓语仅用动词原形,第三人称单数也不加“s”)

  (1)、God save me. (2)、Heavenhelp us.

  四、表命令

  1.命令虚拟语气只能用在第二人称(you),而且通常省略主语(也就是you)。

  2.句子尾通常加上感叹号:!

  3.虚拟语气动词用一般现在时态(Simple Present),如:work,be , go

  4.否定形式的命令语气,可用助动词do,加上not.

  (1)、Work !

  (2)、Workharder !

  (3)、Be more alert !(虚拟语气动词Be)

  (4)、Yougo out !

  (5)、Do not work so hard. (donot 表示否定的虚拟语气)

  (6)、Don't be afraid. (口语中常用don't代替do not)

  五、在一些习惯表达中

  如:(1)、You‘dbetter set off now.你最好现在就出发。

  (2)、I‘drather not tell you the secret.我情愿不告诉你这个秘密。

  第三部分:名词性从句中的虚拟语气

  第一节:宾语从句(Subordinate Clasue)中的虚拟语气

  一、在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气

  在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气,常省去宾语从句的引导词that.

  一)、对现在情况的虚拟(与现在的事实相反):

  从句用过去式或过去进行式(时间上是同时的)。其句子结构为:宾语从句的谓语be和were(was),实义动词用过去式。例:

  1. I wish (that可省略,下同)Iknew the answer to the question.(wish,动词过去式knew)我希望知道这个答案。(事实上是不知道)

  2. I wish it were springin my hometown all the year around.(wish,were)但愿我的家乡四季如春。(事实上不可能)

  3. I wish I were a bird.(wish,were)但愿我是只小鸟。(事实上不可能)

  4. When she was at theparty,she wished she were at home.(wished,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不在家)

  5. Now that he is inChina,he wishes he understood Chinese.(wishes,过去虚拟动词understood)现在他在中国,他希望能懂得中文。(事实上并不懂)

  6. When we begin thetrip,they will wish they were with us.(willwish,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不和我们在一起)

  二)、对过去情况的虚拟(和过去的事实相反):

  用wish表示对过去事情的遗憾。其句子结构为:宾语从句的谓语用过去完成时,或would,could,might+现在完成时。例:

  1. I wish (that可省略,下同)Ihadn't wasted so much time. 我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。(事实上已浪费了)

  2. He wishes he hadn'tlost the chance. 他真希望没有失去机会。(其实已失去)

  3. We wished he hadspoken to us. (wished,had + spoken)(事实上他并没同我们讲)

  4. I wish you had calledearlier. (wish, had + called)(事实上已迟了)

  5. They will wish theyhad listened to us sooner. (will wish,had+ listened)(事实上并不如此)

  例题分析:I wish I ______ longerthis morning,but I had to get up and come to class.

  A. could have slept B.sleptC. might have slept D. have slept

  动词wish后面接从句,表达不可能实现或与事实相反的情况时,谓语动词要用虚拟语气,即用过去式(表示现在发生的'动作)或过去完成式(表示过去发生的动作)。本题后半句谓语动词have用的是过去时had to get up and come,所以前面要用过去完成时表示过去发生的动作。所以,选项A)could have slept是答案

  三)、对将来情况的虚拟(表示将来的主观愿望):

  从句动词"would/should/could/might+ 动词原形"(时间上较后)(请注意:主句和从句的主语不相同)。用wish表示对将来事情的愿望。例:

  1. I wish it would stopraining.(虚拟动词would+动词原形stop)我希望雨能停止。(事实上雨还在下着呢)

  2. I wish you would bequiet.(would + be)我希望你安静一些。(事实上那家伙还在吵着呢)

  3. You wished she wouldarrive the next day.(would + arrive)你希望她第二天会到。(事实上她还没到)

  4. I wish she wouldchange her mind.(would + change)我希望她会改变主意。(呵呵,女孩子可没那么容易就改变主意喔)

  5. He will wish we wouldjoin him the following week.(would + join)(只是希望我们和他在一起,实际上还没在一起)

  四)、注意:

  1.如果将wish改为过去式wished,其后that从句中的动词形式不变。例如:

  I wished I hadn't spentso much money. 我要是那时没有花掉那么多钱就好了。

  2. 如果that从句中用would ,一般表示对现状不满或希望未来有所改变或请求

  I wish he would answermy letter. I wish prices would comedown. I wish you would help me.

  I wish you would stopasking silly questions.

  二、在表示建议、命令、要求、忠告等动词的后面的宾语从句中的虚拟语气

  由于这些动词本身隐含说话者的主观意见,认为某事应该或不应该怎样,这些词语后面的“that”从句应用虚拟语气,且均以“should+动词原形”表示这种语气,但事实上“should”常被省略,故此从句中谓语动词用原形,常用的此类动词有:表示“要求”的:ask, desire, request,demand, require, beg表示“提议、劝告、建议”的:move,prpose, suggest, recommend,advise, vote表示“决定、命令”的:decide,order表示“主张”的:maintain,urge表示“同意、坚持”的:consent,insist

  例如:

  1.The doctor suggestedthat he (should)try to lose his weight.

  2.He insisted that we (should)tell him the news.

  3.When I suggested thathe try shaving cream, he said,“Therazor and water do the job. ”(当我建议他用刮胡膏时,他说“剃刀和水就行了”。)

  4.He pursued varioustheories for several days until I suggested we take the toy apart to see how itdid work.(他费了几天功夫寻找理论根据,直到我建议拆开看看它是如何转动的。)

  5.One can suggest thatstudents should spend two or three years in an English speaking country. (我们建议学生应在说英语的国家呆上两三年。)

  在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中虚拟语气很普遍,其结构如:

  order,suggest, propose, require,demand, request, insist,command, insist +…… (should)do

  6.I suggest that we (should)holda meeting next week.

  7.He insisted that he (should)be sent there.

  但注意:在insist 后的从句中,如果是坚持自己,用陈述语气,坚持别人做什么事情,用虚拟语气。

  8.she insists that sheis right.

  9.she insisted that Ishould finish the work at once.

  或者说,suggest,insist不表示建议或坚持要某人做某事时,即它们用于其本意暗示、表明、坚持认为时,宾语从句用陈述语气。

  10.The guard at gateinsisted that everybody obey the rules.

  判断改错:

  (错)11.You pale facesuggests that you (should)beill.

  (对)12.Your pale facesuggests that you are ill.

  (错)13.I insisted that you (should)be wrong.

  (对)14.I insisted that youwere wrong.

  例题分析:15.It is politelyrequested by the hotel management that radios ______ after 11 o'clock at night.

  A. were not played B.not be playedC. not to play D. did not play

  全句意思是:“旅馆管理部门恳请客人晚上11点后不要打开收音机”。句中的谓语动词request(请求)所引出的从句应当用虚拟语气,即动词原形或“should+动词原形”。本句的主语从句中,主语radio是谓语动词play的客体,谓语应当用被动语态。所以,答案是C)not be played.在上述这类句子中不能用动词过去时形式表示虚拟语气,所以A)不正确。选项B)not to play是动词带to的不定式,不能在句中作谓语。选项D)did not play也是动词play的过去时形式,同样不能在本句中作为虚拟语气来使用。而且,它是主动语态形式,而本题要用被动语态。

  练习:

  16)、Thechairman requested that .

  [A]the members studied more carefullythe problem[B]the problem was more carefulnessly studied

  [C]with more carefulness the problemcould be studied[D]the members study the problem more carefully

  17)、Thecommittee recommends that the matter at the next meeting .

  [A]would be discussed[B]willbe discussed[C]be discussed[D]may be discussed

  18)、Thedoctor insisted that his patient .

  [A]that he not work too hard for threemonths[B]take it easy for three months

  C]takingit easy inside of three months[D]to take some vacations for threemonths

  三、在expect,believe,think,suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气

  在expect,believe,think,suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中,我们经常用“should+动词原形(或完成形式)”,表示惊奇,怀疑,不满等。

  I never thought that heshould be such a brave young soldier. 我们从来没想到他是个如此勇敢的小战士。

  练习:

  1)thatthe time will soon be ripe for intervention in Iran,theywould be faced by a large army?

  [A]It is believed[B]Shouldthey believe[C]They would believe[D]If they would believe

  2)Ithink it advisable that he for Tokyo soon.

  [A]will leave[B]mayleave[C]leave[D]leaves

  四、would rather ,would sooner,had rather,would (just)as soon ,would prefer之后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气

  would rather ,would sooner, had rather, would (just)as soon,would prefer(希望)也用来表达主观愿望,它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式表示现在或将来,用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反。表示“宁愿做什么”或"对过去做的事的懊悔".

  (1)、I would rather he cametomorrow than today.

  (2)、John would rather thatshe had not gone to the party yesterday evening.

  (3)、Don' t live in the world,Iwould rather( I would just as soon) you die.

  (4)、I would rather you gotomorrow.

  (5)、I would rathereverything hadn' t happened in the past.

  (6)、The manager would ratherhis daughter did not work in the same office.经理宁愿她女儿不与他在同一间办公室工作。

  (7)、To be frank,I'drather you were not involved in the case.坦率地说,我希望你不要卷入这件事。

  (8)、You don't have to be insuch a hurry.I would rather you went on business first.你没有必要这么着急,我宁愿你先去上班。

  (9)、I'd rather you didn'tmake any comment on the issue for the time being.我倒希望你暂时先不要就此事发表意见。

  (10)、Franklyspeaking ,I'd rather you didn't do anything about it for the time being.坦白地说,我宁愿你现在对此事什么也不要做。

  (11)、Wouldn'tyou rather your child went to bed early?为什么你不愿让你的孩子早点上床呢?

  注:

  ①若某人愿自己做某事,would rather后用动词原形Iwould rather stay at home today.

  ②would rather.……than.……中用动词原形Iwould rather stay at home than go out today.

  五、“had hoped”后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气

  用“had hoped”表示原来希望做到而实际上未能实现的事情,其宾语从句的谓语用“would+动词原形”。

  I had hoped that shewould go to the U.S. and study there, but she said she liked to stay inChina.我原本希望她到美国去念书,但她说她喜欢留在中国。

  第二节:主语从句中的虚拟语气

  一、“It is (was)+形容词(或过去分词)+that……”结构中的虚拟语气

  在形如“It is (was)+形容词(或过去分词)+that……”结构中,使用某些表示愿望、建议、请求、命令、可能、适当、较好、迫切、紧近、重要等形容词后的主语从句的谓语也用虚拟语气。其表达形式为should +动词原形或省略should直接用动词原形(美国英语中省去should)

  常用的形容词:* natural (自然的),appropriate(适当的),advisable (合适的),preferable (更可取的),better(更好的)* necessary (必须的),important (重要的),imperative(急需的),urgent (急迫的),essential (本质的),vital(必不可少的)* probable (很可能的),possible (可能的)*desirable (极好的)advisable(合理的),compulsory(必须的),crucial(紧急的),desirable(理想的),essential(必要的),imperative(迫切的),incredible(惊人的),necessary(必要的),possible(可能的),strange(奇怪的),urgent(紧迫的)。

  常用的过去分词(Past Participle):*required (需要的), demanded (要求), requested (被请求的),desired (要求)* suggested (建议), recommended (推荐)*orderd (命令)

  1. It is necessary thatwe (should 可省略,下同)have a walk now.(necessary,should + have)(表示有需要去散步)

  2.It was necessary thatwe (should)make everything ready ahead of time.(necessary,should+ make)(表示有必要事先做好准备)

  3. It is required thatnobody (should)smoke here.(required,should+ smoke)(表示要求不要在此抽烟)

  4. It is important thatevery pupil (should)be able to understand therule of school.(important,should+ be)(表示重要的是学生都能了解校规)

  5. It's important thatwe (should)take good care of the patient.(important,should+ take)(表示重要的是照顾好病人)

  6. It is natural thatshe should do so. (形容词natural,should+动词原形do)

  7.It is essential thatthese application forms be sent back as early as possible.这些申请表应尽早地寄回,这是很重要的。

  8.It is vital thatenough money be collected to fund the project.重要的是募集足够的钱,为这个项目提供资金。

  9.It is desired that we(should)geteverything ready this evening.希望我们今晚一切都准备就绪。

  注:在上述所列形容词后面用that引出的宾语从句中,谓语动词也要用虚拟语气。

  10.I don't think itadvisable that Tom be assigned to the job since he has no experience.汤姆缺乏经验,指派他做这项工作我认为是不恰当的。

  二、在Itis +名词+that…的主语从句中的虚拟语气

  在It is +名词+that的主语从句中,常用虚拟语气,表示建议、命令、请求、道歉、怀疑、惊奇等。这类名词有:advice ,decision ,desire,demand ,idea,motion ,order,pity,preference ,proposal,recommendation,requirement,resolution,shame,suggestion,surprise,wish,wonder等。⑴、It is my proposal that he be sent tostudy further abroad.我建议派他去国外进一步学习。

  第三节:虚拟语气用在表语从句或同位语从句中

  当某些表示建议、请求、命令等主观意向的名词作主语时,其后的表语从句或同位语从句需用虚拟语气,其表达形式为should +动词原形或直接用动词原形。这类名词常见的有:demand (要求),desire (请求),requirment(要求)advice (劝告),recommendation (建议),suggestion (建议)order (命令)necessity(必要地),preference (优先)proposal (计划),plan(计划),idea (办法),recommendation以及plan,idea,resolution等。

  We are all for yourproposal that the discussion be put off.我们都赞成你提出的将讨论延期的建议。

  The suggestion that themayor present the prizes was accepted by everyone.由市长颁发奖金的建议被每个人接受。

  ⑴、The advice is that we (should可省略,下同) leave at once.(名词advice,should+ leave)(表示加以劝告)

  ⑵、My idea is that we (should)getmore people to attend the conference. (idea,should+ get)(表示做出主意)

  ⑶、I make a proposal that we (should)hold a meeting next week. (proposal,should + hold)(表示做出计划)

  ⑷、The judge assented to the suggestionthat .

  [A]both of the criminals will soon beset freedom

  [B]some of the criminals there are of guilt only

  [C]the girl was to be paroled in thecustody of a welfare society

  [D]the prisoner be sentenced to death

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