职称英语中常见词 apart adv. 分开，离开(tear.. apart/把……拆开apart from/除……外); apparent adj. 明显的, 外表的; appeal to sb. / 吸引某人； appear v. 出现，看来，似乎，出版，发表; appearance n. 出现，外观[表]，容貌(judge by appearances/以貌取人); appliance n. 设备，器械，装置，应用; application n. 应用，申请，实施 (the application of science to industry/在工业上对科学的应用; applications software/应用软件); apply v. 申请，应用，实施，敷，涂(apply for申请，请求apply oneself to/致力于); appoint v. 委派，任命，( 常与for连用)指定; appreciate vt. 赏识，重视；感激；提高(价值)，抬高……的价格; approach vt. 接近，动手处理，靠近 n.靠近, 途径，通路；方法 (an approach to the problem/这个问题的解决方法); appropriate adj. 正确的；适当的( be appropriate for.../适合…… ); approval n. 赞成，赞许，批准(with [without] approval of/经[未经]...的批准); approve v. 批准，批准，(常与of连用)赞成，赞同(approve of.../准许……, approve the plans/批准计划); apt adj. 易于……的，适当的，恰当的(be apt to do sth. /容易做……); architecture (B)n. 建筑，建筑学，建筑风格; argue v. 辩论，争论(argue that.../辩解说……; argue with sb. /和……争论; argue for [against] a proposal/辩论赞成[反对]某项建议); argument n. 争论，论据，论点; arise v. 起来，出现，发生，造成 (from/out of); around: adv. 环绕，在周围，在附近prep. 在……的周围，环绕，大约，左右(around 20 people /大约20人; hang around/在附近徘徊); arouse v. 叫醒，唤起，激励(arouse sb.’s enthusiasm/激起某人的积极性); arrange v. 排列，分类，整理(arrange for/安排，准备); arrival n. 到达，到来(arrival at port/入港; one’s arrival/某人的到来); arrive v. 到达，来到(in, at)( arrive at.../获得(结果)；达到(目的) arrive at/reach/come to a decision 达成决议); art n. 美术，艺术，艺术品 pl. 人文学科(work of art /艺术品); article n. 文章，论文，条款，物品，物件(articles of daily use/日用品); artificial adj. 人工的，人造的，假的 (artificial rain/人工降雨artificial satellite/人造卫星); artist n. 艺术家，美术家; as adv. 同样地，相同地prep. 被看作，被认为是，像……(指处于某种状态、性质、情况、工作等之中); conj. (用于比较)与……一样，当，由于，因为(as...as.../和……一样……such as /诸如; as it were/或者说as yet /迄今，到目前为止as you know /正如你知道的; as if(= as though)/ 好像，好似as long as (= so long as)/只要as for/to/关于；至于); ascend (B) v. 攀登，上升; Asia n. 亚洲; aside adv. 在旁边，在一边(aside from/except for 除了……. 以外); asleep adj. [作表语] 睡着的(fall asleep/入睡); aspect n. 模样，面貌，方面one aspect of the problem /问题的一个方面; a house with a southern aspect /朝南的房子); assemble v. 集合，聚集，装配(机器等) (assembly line/装配线); assess v. 估定(财产，价值等)，评估(人物、工作等)( Damages were assessed at 1000 RMB. / 损失估计达一千元人民币。); asset n. [常用复]资产；财产; assign (B) v. (与to连用)分配，指定(把时间、地点等) (assign homework/留家庭作业 ); assist v. 帮助，支援(assist sb. with a task/帮助某人做某事; assist sb. in doing sth. / 帮助某人做某事 ); associate v. 结交，联合，由……联想到……，把……联系起来(associate one thing with another/把某一事与另一事联系起来; associate with/和……来往，和……共事； 同……联合); association n. 联合, 联系, 联盟, 协会, 社团; assume v. 假定，承担，呈(形式，姿态，位置) (assume responsibility/负责，承担责任assume a new aspect/呈现新的面貌); astonish v. 使吃惊 (be astonished at sth. /对……感到惊讶, astonish sb. /使……感到惊讶); astronaut n. 太空人，宇航员; at prep. [位置，场所，地点，时间]在……时，在……中，在……方面，向，表示以..速度，价格等; arrive at... /到达……at my uncle’s/在我叔父家at the foot[top] of the mountain / 在山脚下[顶上] at the end of the street/在街的尽头at the meeting/在会议上at ten o’clock/ 在十点钟at (the age of) forty/在 40 岁的时候at the beginning of the month/ 在月初at Christmas/在圣诞节at one’s convenience/在某人方便时at high pressure/在高压下 aim at.../对准……throw...at.../朝……扔…… 第3部分：概括大意与完成句子 (第23~30题，每题1分，共8分)阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23~26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1—4段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第27--ཚ题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。请将答案涂在答题卡相应的位置上。
例题解析1 Ford 1 Ford’s great strength was the manufacturing process--not invention．Long before he started a car company, he was a worker, known for picking up pieces of metal and wire and turning them into machines．He started putting cars together in 1 891 Although it was by no means the first popular automobile，the Model T showed the world just how creative Ford was at combining technology and market． 2 The company’s assembly line alone threw America’s Industrial Revolution into overdrive (高速运转)．Instead of having workers put together the entire car, Ford’s friends, who were great toolmakers from Scotland，organized teams that added parts to each Model T as it moved down a line．By the time Ford’s Highland Park plant was humming(嗡嗡作响)along in 1914，the world’s first automatic conveyor belt could turn out a car every 93 minutes． 3 The same year Henry Ford shocked the world with the $5一a—day minimum wage scheme, the greatest contribution he had ever made．The average wage in the auto industry then was $2．34 for a 9-hour shift．Ford not only doubled that，he also took an hour off the workday．In those years it was unthinkable that a man could be paid that much for doing something that didn’t involve all awful lot of training or education．The Wall Street Journal called the plan“an economic crime”，and critics everywhere laughed at Ford． 4 But as the wage increased later to daily $10, it proved a critical component of Ford’s dream to make the automobile accessible(可及的)to a11．The critics were too stupid to understand that because Ford had lowered his costs per car, the higher wages didn’t matter---except for making it possible for more people to buy Cars． 23 Paragraph 1 24 Paragraph 2 25 Paragraph 3 26 Paragraph 4 A Ford’s Opponents B The Assembly Line C Ford’S Great Dream D The Establishment of the Company E Ford’S Biggest Contribution F FOrd’S Great Talent 27 The assembly line made it possible to 28 Fordwasthefirstto adopt 29 Ford’S cars became available tO ordinary people thanks to 30 Ford’S higher-wage and lower-cost strategy was strongly A criticized by the media B the low wage in the auto industry C their lower prices D produce cars in large numbers E the 8．hour shift F combined technology and market 答案及解析： l 文章标题分析：Ford Ford’s great strength was the manufacturing process--not invention．Long before he started a car company, he was a worker, long before 很早以前 before long adv.不久以后 借助文章开头该划线句的内容判断文章是讲述“实现汽车大规模生产的福特” l 被选项分析： A Ford’s Opponents B The Assembly Line C Ford’s Great Dream D The Establishment of the Company E Ford’s Biggest Contribution F Ford’s Great Talent 被选项看起来都紧扣文章主题—Ford，因此无法直接判断。 l 直接解题： A Ford’s Opponents B The Assembly Line C Ford’s Great Dream D The Establishment of the Company E Ford’s Biggest Contribution F Ford’s Great Talent 23 Paragraph 1 1 Ford’s great strength was the manufacturing process--not invention．Long before he started a car company, he was a worker, known for picking up pieces of metal and wire and turning them into machines．He started putting cars together in 1 891 Although it was by no means the first popular automobile，the Model T showed the world just how creative Ford was at combining technology and market． F．分析：注意到该段落中没有可以典型的中心词汇，这样利用段落开头和结尾的句子，发现段落段首句和段尾句都是观点句，借助这两句中的特征词汇great strength和 creative作为答案线索，这样判断F正确。 提示：在进行句意搜索的时候注意借助句子主干结构和句子中的特征词汇进行跳读。注意利用观点句中的特征词（往往是形容词，起修饰作用的副词或核心名词，核心动词）判断答案。 A Ford’s Opponents B The Assembly Line C Ford’S Great Dream D The Establishment of the Company E Ford’S Biggest Contribution 24 Paragraph 2 2 The company’s assembly line alone threw America’s Industrial Revolution into overdrive (高速运转)．Instead of having workers put together the entire car, Ford’s friends, who were great toolmakers from Scotland，organized teams that added parts to each Model T as it moved down a line．By the time Ford’s Highland Park plant was humming(嗡嗡作响)along in 1914，the world’s first automatic conveyor belt could turn out a car every 93 minutes． B．分析：段首句就是观点句，而且句子中提到了Assembly Line，在段落的末尾句子出现的句子大意上也是在对装配线所带来的生产效果进行描述，所以判断B是答案。 Along: adv. 向前；作为伙伴, 随身; prep.顺着; walk along the path.顺着小路走 We drove along, admiring the view.我们一边开车，一边观赏风景。 Bring your friend along.带你的朋友一起来 Luckily, I had my camera along. 很幸运，我随身带着照相机。 Turn out: v. 关掉, 生产, 制造, 证实发觉是 turn out the lights.关掉了灯 an assembly line turning out cars.生产小汽车的流水线 The rookie turned out to be the best hitter on the team.新手证明是队里最出色的击球员 A Ford’s Opponents C Ford’S Great Dream D The Establishment of the Company E Ford’S Biggest Contribution 25 Paragraph 3 3 The same year Henry Ford shocked the world with the$5一a—day minimum wage scheme, the greatest contribution he had ever made．The average wage in the auto industry then was$2．34 for a 9-hour shift．Ford not only doubled that，he also took an hour off the workday．In those years it was unthinkable that a man could be paid that much for doing something that didn’t involve all awful lot of training or education．The Wall Street Journal called the plan“an economic crime”，and critics everywhere laughed at Ford． E．分析：段落段首句就是观点句，而且该句包含了E的内容，因此直接判断E是答案。 A Ford’s Opponents C Ford’S Great Dream D The Establishment of the Company 26 Paragraph 4 But as the wage increased later to daily$10, it proved a critical component of Ford’s dream to make the automobile accessible(可及的)to a11．The critics were too stupid to understand that because Ford had lowered his costs per car, the higher wages didn’t matter---except for making it possible for more people to buy Cars．（该句句意与段首句中的Ford’s dream to make the automobile accessible(可及的)to a11直接呼应） C．分析：借助段首句中出现的核心名词dream作为答案线索，并根据段未句的句意综合判断C是答案。 完成句子题解题分析： A criticized by the media B the low wage in the auto industry C their lower prices D produce cars in large numbers E the 8．hour shift F combined technology and market 27 The assembly line made it possible to ______. D.分析：不定式符号to后需要跟动词原形，这样直接判断D是答案。 该题考点：形式宾语/主语结构： make/find/consider + it + to do sth. it + is/was/has been/had been/ 情态助动词 + be + that… it + is/was/has been/had been/ 情态助动词 + be + to do… it + is/was/has been/had been/ 情态助动词 + be + doing… A criticized by the media B the low wage in the auto industry C their lower prices E the 8．hour shift F combined technology and market 28 Ford was the first to adopt ______. E．分析：因为adopt是及物动词，所以其后面应该带名词性的结构，这样B，C，E和F在语法上合适，借助搭配句意可直接判断E合适。也可以借助原文判断答案。 The same year Henry Ford shocked the world with the $5一a—day minimum wage scheme, the greatest contribution he had ever made．The average wage in the auto industry then was $2．34 for a 9-hour shift．Ford not only doubled that，he also took an hour off the workday．In those years it was unthinkable that a man could be paid that much for doing something that didn’t involve all awful lot of training or education 考点：考察推断能力。 A criticized by the media B the low wage in the auto industry C their lower prices F combined technology and market 29 Ford’s cars became available to ordinary people thanks to ______. C. 分析：介词性短语结构thanks to后面应该带名词性结构，因此判断B，C和F在语法上合适。借助搭配句意直接判断C合适。也可以借助原文判断答案。 But as the wage increased later to daily $10, it proved a critical component of Ford’s dream to make the automobile accessible(可及的)to a11．The critics were too stupid to understand that because Ford had lowered his costs per car, the higher wages didn’t matter---except for making it possible for more people to buy Cars． 考点：考察推断能力。 A criticized by the media B the low wage in the auto industry F combined technology and market 30 Ford’s higher-wage and lower-cost strategy was strongly ______.
分析：借助搭配结构和搭配语意直接判断A是答案。也可以借助原文判断答案。
例题解析2 Global Warming l Smoke is clouding Our view of global warming, protecting the planet from perhaps three-quarters of the greenhouse(温室)effect．That might sound like good news，but experts say that as the cover diminishes in coming decades，we are facing a dramatic increase of warming that could be two or even three times as great as official best guesses． 2 This was the dramatic conclusion reached last week at a workshop in Dahlem，Berlin, where top atmospheric scientists got together, including Nobel prize winner Paul Crutzen and Swedish scientist Bert Bolin，former chairman of the UN’S Intergovemmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)． 3 IPCC scientists have suspected for a decade that aerosols(浮质)of smoke and other particles from burning rainforest，crop waste and fossil fuels are blocking sunlight and counteracting the warming effect of carbon dioxide(二氧化物)emissions．Until now，they reckoned that aerosols reduced greenhouse warming by perhaps a quarter, cutting increases by 0．2。C．So the 0．6。C of warming over the past century would have been 0．8。C without aerosols． 4 But the Berlin workshop concluded that the real figure is even higher--aerosols may have reduced global warming by as much as three—quarters，cutting increases by 1．8。C．If SO，the good news is that aerosols have prevented the world getting almost two degrees warmer than it is now．But the bad news is that the climate system is much more sensitive to greenhouse gases than previously guessed． 5 As those gases are expected to continue accumulating in the atmosphere while aerosols stabilize or fall, that means“dramatic consequences for estimates of future climate change”，the scientists agreed in a draft report from the workshop． 23 Paragraph 2 24 Paragraph 3 25 Paragraph 4 26 Paragraph 5 A Atmospheric Scientists B The Calculations Made at the Berlin Workshop C The Previous Calculations of the Effect of Aerosols D The Scientists’Agreement E The Authoritative Conclusion F Greenhouse Gases 27 When the cover diminishes in the coming decades，temperature 28 The conclusion reached at the Berlin workshop 29 The Berlin workshop concluded that the real figure 30 The increase of greenhouse gases A will influence future climate change B was somewhat surprising C will rise rapidly D was known to US all E was much higher than had been expected F will drop dramatically 文章主题分析：Global Warming Smoke is clouding our view of global warming, protecting the planet from perhaps three- quarters of the greenhouse(温室)effect． cloud v.使不清晰, 使多云，使阴暗; The sky clouded over.天空中云层密布(clear up v. 放晴) in the clouds 空想的; 想象的；不真实的；不切实际的 被选择项分析： A Atmospheric Scientists B The Calculations Made at the Berlin Workshop C The Previous Calculations of the Effect of Aerosols D The Scientists’Agreement E The Authoritative Conclusion F Greenhouse Gases 分析：B和C中一定会有答案出现。 直接解题： A Atmospheric Scientists B The Calculations Made at the Berlin Workshop C The Previous Calculations of the Effect of Aerosols D The Scientists’Agreement E The Authoritative Conclusion F Greenhouse Gases 23 Paragraph 2 2 This was the dramatic conclusion reached last week at a workshop in Dahlem，Berlin, where top atmospheric scientists got together, including Nobel prize winner Paul Crutzen and Swedish scientist Bert Bolin，former chairman of the UN’S Intergovemmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)． E．分析：该段结构“这是一个具有很大影响的一个结论，在。。地方达成的，由。。科学家达成”（注意借助各句子主干内容判断句子大意），所以判断E（段落中提到的科学家仅仅是为了给提到的结论增加权威性）是答案。同时可以判断A是干扰项可以被排除掉。 （A Atmospheric Scientists） B The Calculations Made at the Berlin Workshop C The Previous Calculations of the Effect of Aerosols D The Scientists’Agreement F Greenhouse Gases 24 Paragraph 3 3 IPCC scientists have suspected for a decade that aerosols(浮质)of smoke and other particles from burning rainforest，crop waste and fossil fuels are blocking sunlight and counteracting the warming effect of carbon dioxide(二氧化物)emissions．Until now，they reckoned that aerosols reduced greenhouse warming by perhaps a quarter, cutting increases by 0．2。C．So the 0．6。C of warming over the past century would have been 0．8。C without aerosols． C：分析：根据段落中出现的核心词aerosols首先判断C很可能是答案，而且段落倒数第2句的大意“Until now，they reckoned that…/在此以前，他们一直估计…”，该结构含义与C呼应。 （A Atmospheric Scientists） B The Calculations Made at the Berlin Workshop D The Scientists’Agreement F Greenhouse Gases 25 Paragraph 4 4 But the Berlin workshop concluded that the real figure is even higher--aerosols may have reduced global warming by as much as three—quarters，cutting increases by 1．8。C．If so，the good news is that aerosols have prevented the world getting almost two degrees warmer than it is now．But the bad news is that the climate system is much more sensitive to greenhouse gases than previously guessed． B．分析：段首句中出现了Berlin workshop，比较剩下的被选项（对应被选项中的核心词：D: agreement; F: greenhouse gases）判断B最合适。 (A Atmospheric Scientists) D The Scientists’Agreement F Greenhouse Gases 26 Paragraph 5 As those gases are expected to continue accumulating in the atmosphere while aerosols stabilize or fall, that means“dramatic consequences for estimates of future climate change”，the scientists agreed in a draft report from the workshop． D. 分析：该题考点考察对长句子含义的理解。应对措施：抓住主干结构大意（the scientists agreed in a draft report from the workshop/科学家们对在实验室里做出的这项草拟报告达成了一致意见）直接判断答案。 完成句子题的解析： A will influence future climate change B was somewhat surprising C will rise rapidly D was known to us all E was much higher than had been expected F will drop dramatically 27 When the cover diminishes in the coming decades，temperature ___. 分析：首先借助时态一致原则：状语从句一般现在时态，主句应该一般将来时态或一般现在时态，判断答案范围：A，C和F。其中C和F为反正项，所以重点注意。利用题干中的核心词cover作为答案线索，这样发现答案相关句：but experts say that as the cover diminishes in coming decades，we are facing a dramatic increase of warming that could be two or even three times as great as official best guesses．这样判断答案是C。 …times as ..as ../..是..的几倍 The house is two times as big as that one.= The house is one time bigger than that one. A will influence future climate change B was somewhat surprising D was known to us all E was much higher than had been expected F will drop dramatically 28 The conclusion reached at the Berlin workshop ___. B. 分析：直接借助搭配语意判断B应该是答案（在柏林工作室里取得的结论有点令人惊讶）。 A will influence future climate change D was known to us all E was much higher than had been expected F will drop dramatically 29 The Berlin workshop concluded that the real figure ____. E. 分析：直接借助搭配语意判断E应该是答案（在柏林工作室得出的结论是真实的数字要比预计的要大的多）。 A will influence future climate change D was known to us all F will drop dramatically 30 The increase of greenhouse gases ____.分析：直接借助搭配语意判断A应该是答案(温室气体的增加将会影响未来气候的变化)。象这样的题也可以借助题干的核心词greenhouse gases作为答案线索，这样发现答案相关句： those gases are expected to continue accumulating in the atmosphere while aerosols stabilize or fall, that means“dramatic consequences for estimates of future climate change”（这些气体预计会继续在大气中积聚，而同时大气中的浮质含量会保持稳定或减少，而这就意味着对未来气候估计的结果会出现显著的变化）