全国职称英语考试理工类AB级课堂笔记第15讲: 概括大意与完成句子(3)

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概括大意与完成句子第三讲 考题预测： B级 1． 重点推荐文章：Geology and health, Blasts from the past (A), soot and snow: a hot combination, icy Microbes, Carl Sagan, How we form first impression, screen Test, The Mir Space Station, Volts from the Sky (C级习题) 2． 非重点文章：A Strong Greenhouse Gas 3． 推测概括大意完成句子部分的考题可能从书外出题， 也可能从书上出题。 A级 1. 重点推荐文章：intelligence: a changed view, Blasts from the past, Geology and health (B), soot and snow: a hot combination, icy Microbes, Carl Sagan, How we form first impression, The Mir Space Station, Volts from the Sky (C级习题) 2 非重点文章：The magic to personal digital pen 3. 推测概括大意完成句子部分的考题可能从书外出题， 也可能从书上出题。 例题解析： passage 1 Soot （煤灰） and Snow：a Hot Combination New research from NASA scientists suggests emissions of black soot alter the way sunlight reflects off snow．According to a computer simulation，black soot may be responsible for 25 percent of observed global warming over the past century． Soot in the higher latitudes of the Earth，where ice is more common，absorbs more of the sun’s energy and warmth than an icy,white background．Dark-colored black carbon，or soot，absorbs sunlight, while lighter colored ice reflects sunlight． Soot in areas with snow and ice may play an important role in climate change．Also，if snow and ice covered areas begin melting，the warming effect increases，as the soot becomes more concentrated on the snow surface．”This provides a positive feedback．as glaciers and ice sheets melt，they tend to get even dirtier,”said Dr．James Hansen，a researcher at NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies．New York． Hansen found soot’s effect on snow albedo (solar energy reflected back to space)，which may be contributing to trends toward early springs in the Northern Hemisphere，such as thinning Arctic sea ice，melting glaciers and permafrost．Soot also is believed to play a role in changes in the atmosphere above the oceans and land． “Black carbon reduces the amount of energy reflected by snow back into space，thus heating the snow surface more than if there were no black carbon‘，”Hansen said．Soot’s increased absorption of solar energy is especially effective in warming the world’s climate． “This forcing is unusually effective，causing twice as much global warming as a carbon．dioxide forcing of the same magnitude．’’Hansen noted． Hansen cautioned，although the role of soot in altering global climate is substantial，it does not alter the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century．Such gases are expected to be the largest climate forcing for the rest of this century． The researchers found that observed warming in the Northern Hemisphere was large in the winter and spring at middle and high latitudes．These observations were consistent with the researchers’climate model simulations．which showed some of the 1argest warming effects occurred when there were heavy snow cover and sufficient sunlight． 1．Paragraph 3 __. 2．Paragraph4 __. 3．Paragraph 6 __. 4．Paragraph 7 __. 5． In the twentieth century，soot __. A Soot’s Role in Changes in the Climate and the Atmosphere B Observations of Warming in the Northern Hemisphere C Explanation of Increased Warming Effect Caused by Soot D Effect to Reduce Snow Albedo E Ways to Reduce Soot Emission F Greenhouse Gases as the Main Factor of G10bal Warming 5. In the twentieth century, soot ___. 6．Hansen cautioned that greenhouse gases__. 7． Black soot covered snow and ice__. 8． A soot forcing is unusually effective，which__. A produces much more global warming than a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magnitude B contributed to 25 percent of observed global warming C can produce greenhouse gases D absorb more of sun’s energy and warmth than white background E still surpass soot in warming the world’S climate during the last century F can be seen mostly in the Northern Hemisphere 答案及解析： 1． 文章标题分析：Soot （煤灰） and Snow：a Hot Combination 根据标题内容可以判断该文章与自然环境（环境污染）有关。 2．被选项分析： A Soot’s Role in Changes in the Climate and the Atmosphere B Observations of Warming in the Northern Hemisphere C Explanation of Increased Warming Effect Caused by Soot C Effect to Reduce Snow Albedo （反照率） E Ways to Reduce Soot Emission F Greenhouse Gases as the Main Factor of G1obal Warming 分析：被选项中都涉及到了文章标题所揭示的核心词，划线结构是小标题中的核心结构，也是可以用作答案线索的结构。 直接解题： A Soot’s Role in Changes in the Climate and the Atmosphere B Observations of Warming in the Northern Hemisphere C Explanation of Increased Warming Effect Caused by Soot C Effect to Reduce Snow Albedo （反照率） E Ways to Reduce Soot Emission F Greenhouse Gases as the Main Factor of G1obal Warming 1． Paragraph 3 __. Soot in areas with snow and ice may play an important role in climate change．Also，if snow and ice- covered areas begin melting，the warming effect increases，as the soot becomes more concentrated on the snow surface．”This provides a positive feedback, as glaciers and ice sheets melt，they tend to get even dirtier,” said Dr．James Hansen，a researcher at NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies．New York． 1．C．分析：段首句的大意和用词似乎在暗示A是答案。但是在下文中没有具体提到soot是如何改变气候的（排除A）。段落中soot出现了两次，因此重点注意包含soot的被选项： C和E。段落中没有提到有关“煤灰散发”的问题，所以排除E，选择C。提示：在借助段首句内容的时候判断答案的时候还应该扫视一下全文。 A Soot’s Role in Changes in the Climate and the Atmosphere B Observations of Warming in the Northern Hemisphere C Effect to Reduce Snow Albedo （反照率） E Ways to Reduce Soot Emission F Greenhouse Gases as the Main Factor of G1obal Warming 2． Paragraph4 __ （Hansen found soot’s effect on snow albedo (solar energy reflected back to space)，which may be contributing to trends toward early springs in the Northern Hemisphere，such as thinning Arctic sea ice，melting glaciers and permafrost）．Soot also is believed to play a role in changes in the atmosphere above the oceans and land． 2．A．分析：因为段落中soot出现了两次，因此重点注意包含soot的被选项： A和E，同样段落中没有提到有关“煤灰散发”的问题，所以判断A是答案（段落最后一句（观点句）的含义与A一致）提示：“避重就轻法”—段首句复杂则看段未句。 B Observations of Warming in the Northern Hemisphere C Effect to Reduce Snow Albedo （反照率） E Ways to Reduce Soot Emission F Greenhouse Gases as the Main Factor of G1obal Warming 3． Paragraph 6 __. Hansen cautioned，although the role of soot in altering global climate is substantial，it does not alter the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century．Such gases are expected to be the largest climate forcing for the rest of this century． 3． F。分析：因为段落中gas出现了两次，因此重点注意包含gas的被选项：F。而F中的内容正好与段首句中的核心结构（it does not alter the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century（它没有改变‘温室效应是在过去的世纪中造成气候变暖的主要原因’这个事实））一致。 B Observations of Warming in the Northern Hemisphere C Effect to Reduce Snow Albedo （反照率） E Ways to Reduce Soot Emission 4．Paragraph 7 __. The researchers found that observed warming in the Northern Hemisphere was large in the winter and spring at middle and high latitudes．（These observations were consistent with the researchers’climate model simulations, which showed some of the 1argest warming effects occurred when there were heavy snow cover and sufficient sunlight．） 4． B．分析：段首句中出现了Northern Hemisphere，而接下来的句子中出现了“These observations”，这些词都被包含在B中，因此判断B是答案。 A produces much more global warming than a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magnitude B contributed to 25 percent of observed global warming C can produce greenhouse gases D absorb more of sun’s energy and warmth than white background E still surpass soot in warming the world’s climate during the last century F can be seen mostly in the Northern Hemisphere 5. In the twentieth century, soot ___. 5. B。分析：结合文章标题（主题）Soot （煤灰） and Snow：a Hot Combination，判断B很可能是答案。也可以借助文章中的相关语句：According to a computer simulation，black soot may be responsible for 25 percent of observed global warming over the past century． A produces much more global warming than a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magnitude C can produce greenhouse gases D absorb more of sun’s energy and warmth than white background E still surpass soot in warming the world’s climate during the last century F can be seen mostly in the Northern Hemisphere 6。Hansen cautioned that greenhouse gases__. 6．E．分析：文章中提到温室气体仍然是造成全球温度上升的主要因素，因此判断E是答案。 A produces much more global warming than a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magnitude C can produce greenhouse gases D absorb more of sun’s energy and warmth than white background F can be seen mostly in the Northern Hemisphere 7． Black soot covered snow and ice__. 7． D。分析：该题可以借助常识直接判断D是答案（带有煤灰的冰和雪要比白色的背景吸收的热量多）。 A produces much more global warming than a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magnitude C can produce greenhouse gases F can be seen mostly in the Northern Hemisphere 8. A soot forcing is unusually effective，which__. 8． A。分析：借助提干中的核心词soot forcing作为答案线索，这样发现答案相关句：Soot’s increased absorption of solar energy is especially effective in warming the world’s climate．“This forcing is unusually effective，causing twice as much global warming as a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magnitude（数量）.

Passage 2

Intelligence: a changed view 1．Intelligence was believed to be a fixed entity，some faculty of the mind that we all possess and which determines in some way the extent of our achievements．Its Value therefore．was as a predictor of children’s future learning．If they differed markedly in their ability to learn complex tasks，then it was clearly necessary to educate them differently and the need for different types of school and even different ability groups within school was obvious．Intelligence tests could be used for streaming children according to ability at an early age; and at 11 these tests were superior to measures of attainment for selecting children for different types of secondary education． 2．Today, we are beginning to think differently．In the last few years，research has thrown doubt on the view that innate intelligence can ever be measured and on the very nature of intelligence itself．There is considerable evidence now which shows the great influence of environment both on achievement and intelligence．Children with poor home backgrounds not only do less well in their school work and intelligence tests but their performance tends to deteriorate gradually compared with that of their more fortunate classmates． 3．There are evidences that support the view that we have to distinguish between genetic intelligence and observed intelligence．Any deficiency in the appropriate genes will restrict development no matter how stimulating the environment．We cannot observe and measure innate intelligence，whereas we can observe and measure the effects of the interaction of whatever is inherited with whatever stimulation has been received from the environment．。Researches have been investigating what happens in this interaction． 4．Two major findings have emerged from these researches．Firstly, the greater part of the development of observed intelligence occurs in the earliest years of life．It is estimated that 50 per cent of measurable intelligence at age 17 is already predictable by the age of four．Secondly, the most important factors in the environment are language and psychological aspects of the parent-child relationship．Much of the difference in measured intelligence between “privileged” and “disadvantaged” children may be due to the latter’s lack of appropriate verbal stimulation and the poverty of their perceptual experiences． 5．These research findings have led to a revision in our understanding of the nature of intelligence．Instead of it being some largely inherited fixed power of the mind，we now see it as a set of developed skills with which a person copes with any environment．These skills have to be learned and，indeed，one of them is learning how to learn． 6．The modern ideas concerning the nature of intelligence are bound to have some effect on our school system．In one respect a change is already occurring．With the move toward comprehensive education and the development of unstreamed classes，fewer children will be given the label“low IQ’which must inevitably condemn a child in his own，if not society’s eyes. The idea that we can teach children to be intelligent in the same way that we can teach them reading or arithmetic is accepted by more and more people． 1. paragraph 2___ 2. paragraph 4 ___ 3. paragraph 5 ___ 4. paragraph 6 ___ A. Main results of recent researches B. Popular doubt about the New View C. Effect of environment on intelligence D. Intelligence and Achievement E. impact on school education F A changed View of Intelligence 5. It was once believed ___, and thus we can tell how successful he/she will be in the future according to his/her intelligence. 6. More recent researches has shown that intelligence is only partly inherited ___. 7. It can be inferred from the passage that a child will ___ if he has more opportunities to communicate with others by means of language. 1. Children were not just ___, but they can be taught to be more intelligent at school. A. born to be more intelligent or less intelligent B. have a better chance to develop his intelligence C. taught to be more intelligent D. that intelligence was something a baby was born with E. and because of the lack of communication with his classmates F. and partly has to do with a child’s living environment 答案与解析： 1．文章主题分析：intelligence: a changed view (第1段) Intelligence was believed to be a fixed entity, some faculty of the mind that we all … (第2段)Today, we are beginning to think differently…. (第3段)There are evidences that support the view that we have to distinguish between genetic intelligence and observed intelligence. 因此判断文章主题涉及到人们（随着时间变化？）对智力的不同看法。 2．被选项分析： A. Main results of recent researches B. Popular doubt about the New View C. Effect of environment on intelligence D. Intelligence and Achievement E. Impact on school education F A changed View of Intelligence 划线结构是被选项中的核心结构，也是可以作为答案线索的结构。 A. Main results of recent researches B. Popular doubt about the New View C. Effect of environment on intelligence D. Intelligence and Achievement E. Impact on school education F A changed View of Intelligence 1. paragraph 2___ Today, we are beginning to think differently. …There is considerable evidence now which shows the great influence of environment both on achievement and intelligence. Children with poor home backgrounds not only do less well in their school work and intelligence tests but their performance tends to deteriorate gradually compared with their more fortunate classmates. 1. C. 分析：在段落中第2句发现了“influence of environment both on achievement and intelligence”，该结构含义与C的内容一致（环境对智力的影响），而且在段落的后面部分发现了用“穷孩子和富人家的孩子进行比较”的例子，因此肯定D是答案。 A. Main results of recent researches B. Popular doubt about the New View D. Intelligence and Achievement E. Impact on school education F A changed View of Intelligence 2. paragraph 4 ___ The two major findings have emerged from these researches. (与A呼应)Firstly, the greater part of the development of observed intelligence occurs in the earliest years of life. It is estimated…。 Secondly, the most important factors in the environment are language and psychological aspects of the parent-child relationship… 2． A。分析：抓住段落结构：“观点总结句+ 分层说明（The two major findings have emerged from these researches(从这些研究中形成了两大主要研究结果). Firstly,.. Secondly, ..）”判断A是答案。 B. Popular doubt about the New View D. Intelligence and Achievement E. Impact on school education F A changed View of Intelligence 3. paragraph 5 ___ These research findings have led to a revision in our understanding of the nature of intelligence.(观点句，在内容上与F呼应) Instead of it being some largely inherited fixed power of the mind, we now see it as a set of developed skills with which a person copes with any environment. … 3． F. 分析：段首句（观点句）的句意与F一致，而且随后的句子中也提到了“we now see it as a set of developed skills..（我们现在把它看作是一套后天习得的技能）”—反应“变化了的观点”，所以判断F是答案。 B. Popular doubt about the New View D. Intelligence and Achievement E. Impact on school education 4. paragraph 6 ___ The modern ideas concerning the nature of intelligence are bound to have some effect on our school system. (观点句，在内容上与E呼应) ..With the move toward comprehensive education and the development of unstreamed classes, fewer children will be given the label “Low IQ” which must inevitably condemn a child in his own, if not society’s eye. The idea that we can teach children to be intelligent in the same way that we can teach them reading or arithmetic is accepted by more and more people. 4. E. 分析：段首句（观点句）的句意与E一致，而且随后的句子中与E中的“学校教育”相呼应的词语和结构--classes, teach children。 A。born to be more intelligent or less intelligent B．have a better chance to develop his intelligence C．taught to be more intelligent D．that intelligence was something a baby was born with E．and because of the lack of communication with his classmates F．and partly has to do with a child’s living environment 5. It was once believed ___, and thus we can tell how successful he/she will be in the future according to his/her intelligence. 5． D。分析：空格处需要真正的主语（It是形式主语），因此根据语法结构判断D是答案。该句大意是“人们曾经一度相信，智力是一个孩子天生所具有的，因为我们可以根据他/她的智力水平判断他/她在将来是否会取得成功。” A。born to be more intelligent or less intelligent B．have a better chance to develop his intelligence C．taught to be more intelligent E．and because of the lack of communication with his classmates F．and partly has to do with a child’s living environment 6. More recent researches has shown that intelligence is only partly inherited ___. 6． F。分析：题干中partly的出现，暗示后半句中很可能还会出现另一个partly。因此判断F是答案。该句大意是“最近的研究已经表明智力一部分是来自遗传，一部分是与孩子的生活环境有关。” A。born to be more intelligent or less intelligent B．have a better chance to develop his intelligence C．taught to be more intelligent E．and because of the lack of communication with his classmates 7. It can be inferred from the passage that a child will ___ if he has more opportunities to communicate with others by means of language. 7． B。分析：will后面应该直接跟动词原形，因此判断B是答案。该句大意是“从文章中可以推断出如果一个孩子有更多的机会和他人用语言交流他发展智力的可能性就更大。” A。born to be more intelligent or less intelligent C．taught to be more intelligent E．and because of the lack of communication with his classmates 8． Children were not just ___, but they can be taught to be more intelligent at school.8．A．分析：借助搭配语意判断A更加合适。该句含义“孩子不是天生更聪明或较笨，然而他们能够通过在学校学习变得更加聪明。” 职称英语常见词汇

Contaminate （A）v. 污染; contend （A）v. 斗争，竞争(contend for/争取); content （B）n. 内容，容量，目录adj. 满足的，满意的，愿意vt. 使满足(be content to do sth. /乐于做某事be content with/沉迷[满足]于); continent n. 大陆，陆地; continue v. 继续，连续，延伸(continue doing sth/持续做某事, to be continued/待续(用于报刊上连载的文章等); continuous adj.连续的, 持续的；contract n. 合同，契约v.使缩短 (make a contract with/与……签定合同); contrary adj. 相反的，逆的(be contrary to/与……相反on the contrary/(与此)相反，(不是……)而是); contrast vt. 使与……对比，使与……对照vi. 和……形成对照n. 对比，对照，(对照中的)差异(in contrast with/和……形成对比[对照] contrast with/和……对比); contribute v.捐献，贡献，投稿(contribute to/捐献，贡献); control n. 控制，管理, 调节vt. 控制，支配，管理(物价等)( out of control/不受控制under the control of/受……的控制); convenient adj. 便利的，方便的; convert vt. 使转变，转换……; convince vt. 使确信，使信服(convince.. of../使……相信be convinced of/确信，承认); cooperate vi. 合作，协作(cooperate with (sb. ) in (sth. )/和(某人)合作(某事)); cope vi. (善于)应付，(善于)处理(cope with/应付，对付，克服); correct adj. 正确的, 恰当的, 端正的vt. 改正, 纠正, 告诫; cost n. 成本, 价钱, 代价vt. 价值为, (使)花费(金钱,时间,劳力等), 使失去(生命,健康等)( at the cost of/以……为代价, 用……换来的；丧失); costly （B）adj. 昂贵的，贵重的; count v. 数，计算，认为，有价值 n. 计数，计算(count on /依赖, count in/把……计算在内); country n. 国家国土 adj. 乡下的，乡村的 ( host country/东道国); couple n. (一)对，(一)双, 夫妇 vt. 连合，连接，结合(a couple of/两三个，(少数)几个); courage n. 勇气，精神(lose courage/丧失勇气be of courage/有勇气的keep up one’s courage/不泄气，不气馁); course n. 过程，路线，跑道，课程，一道菜(in the course of/在..过程中of course/自然；当然); court n. 法院，庭院，球场(bring into court/诉诸法律); courteous （A）adj.有礼貌的, 谦恭的cover n. 盖子，封面 vt. 覆盖，掩护，包括，包含(cover...with.../用..覆盖..); coverage （B）n. 覆盖, 新闻报导crazyadj. 疯狂的，狂热的（be crazy about热衷于，醉心于）； create vt. 创造，创作；引起，造成； creative adj. 创造性的； credible adj. 可信的，可靠的； credit n. 信任，信用，荣誉，[财务]贷方，银行存款（give credit to/相信；信任；称赞）； crime n. 犯罪，罪行，罪恶（commit a crime/犯罪）； criminal n. 罪犯，犯罪者adj. 犯罪的，犯法的，罪恶的（criminal act/犯罪行为）； crisis n. 疾病的转折点(或转好或恶化)，危机（at a crisis/在紧急关头）； critical adj.评论的, 批评的, 危急的, 临界（be critical about/爱挑剔）； criticize v. 批评，责备（criticize sb. for doing sth. /责备某人做某事）； cross n. 十字，交叉v. 使交叉，横过； crowded adj. 拥挤的，塞满的；crucial adj.至关紧要的； crueladj. 残酷的，悲惨的； cry vi. 哭，流泪v. 叫，喊n. 哭泣，哭声，叫喊，喊声（cry out/喊出声，抱怨）； cultivate （B）vt. 培养，耕作（cultivate a new generation/培育新一代）； culture n. 文化，文明； cure v. 治愈，治疗n. 治愈，痊愈（beyond cure/不可救药）； curious adj. 好奇的，求知的（be curious about/对(某事物)感到好奇）； current adj. 当前的，通用的n.电流，水流，气流；custom n. 习惯，风俗（the Custom/海关）； cut v. 切(割、削)，剪，截 n. (刀、剑、鞭等的)切削，伤口，切口（cut down/减少；减低cut in/插嘴；(突然)插入cut out/剪除；切掉cut off/切断，断绝）；damage n. 损害，伤害vt. 损害，伤害（do damage to/损害，破坏）； danger n. 危险，危险物（be in danger of/有……的危险）； dangerous adj. 危险的； data n. datum的复数，[计] 资料，数据； day n. 天，白天，白昼（day after day/许多天的；持续不断的）； dead adj. 死的， (语言、习惯)废弃了的，熄灭的adv. 完全地，绝对的，突然的； deadly （B）adj. 致命的，死一般的adv. 如死一般地, 极度地, 非常地； deal n. 交易，待遇vi. 处理，应付，做生意（deal with/与……交往(有生意往来)；应付，对付；处理）； debate v. 争论，辩论n. 争论，辩论（debate upon a question/讨论(问题)）； debt n. 债务，罪过（get into debt/负债in debt/负债）； decade n. 十年，十（for decades /数十年）；deceive（A）v.欺骗, 行骗； decent （B）adj.正派的, 端庄的, 体面的,decide v. 决定（ decide to do sth. = be determined to do sth. /下决心做……）； decision n. 决定，决心，决议（make a decision/决定下来, 做出决定；下决心）； declare vt. 断言，宣称； decrease n. 减少，减少之量v. 减少（decrease to/减少到decrease by/减少了……）； dedicate vt. 献(身)，致力（be dedicated to.../献身于……）deduct （A）vt.扣除, 演绎； deep adj. 深的，深奥的，难懂的，低沉的(声音)（ be deep in thought/沉思着 deep feelings /强烈的感受）；